Aluminum: makemikari uye mumuviri zvivako

Chimwe chezvinhu yakakunakira vari nesimbi iri zvinhu kugadzira. Pakati pavo vane vatungamiriri vavo. Somuenzaniso, dzinokosha ehupfumi kuti aruminiyamu anozivikanwa vanhu kare kare. Ivo saka akakodzera kushandiswa mumba, kuti simbi iyi yava dzakakurumbira chaizvo. Ndezvipi ehupfumi kuti aruminiyamu sechinhu nyore fuma uye kuti atomu, isu munyaya ino.

aruminiyamu yokutanga nyaya

Kubvira kare kare murume rave richizivikanwa remubatanidzwa wenyika simbi - potassium alum. Raishandiswa senzira anokwanisa kuti achazvimba uye kubatanidza zvinoumba musanganiswa, zvakanga zvakakodzera uye kusukuta matehwe nematehwe. Kuvapo yakaisvonaka alumina chakazozivikanwa muna XVIII remakore, rechipiri hafu. Zvisinei, izvi hazvina kuwana yakaisvonaka fuma.

Iye Rinotarisira womumhuri yacho resimbi chloride wokutanga musayendisiti H. Oersted. Chakasimudzira kupatsanurwa amalgam potassium munyu uye kure musanganiswa vachena upfu, yakanga yakachena aruminiyamu.

Ipapo zvakava pachena kuti makemikari ehupfumi kuti aruminiyamu zvinozarurwa kwaro dzakakwirira basa, simba kushinga. Naizvozvo, kwenguva refu naye hatichamuzivi zvakashanda.

Zvisinei, muna 1854, wokuFrance Deville akakwanisa kugamuchira yakaumbwa simbi vara kubudikidza electrolysis. Nzira iyi ichiri kushanda nanhasi. Kunyanya vanobudisa kugadzirwa zvinhu zvinokosha kwakatanga XX remakore, matambudziko kana vakanga chakagadziriswa kuwana yakawanda simba kumabasa.

Kusvika panguva simbi - mumwe zvikuru nevanhu uye inoshandiswa kuvaka uye musha indasitiri.

General zvechadenga aruminiyamu atomu

Kana isu munguva chinhu mubvunzo uri ezvinhu periodic mugadziriro, zvinokwanisika kusarudza vakawanda zvinhu.

1. Serial nhamba - 13.
2. Zvinonzi munzvimbo yechitatu pasi nguva yechitatu boka guru subgroup.
3. Mabhomba guru - 26,98.
4. Kuwanda Valence maerekitironi - 3.
5. The configuration rokunze rukoko kunopiwa ² 3s 3p ^1.
6. Zita chinhu - aruminiyamu.
7. Metal ehupfumi vanonyanya raidudzwa.
8. Isotopes haisi zvakasikwa, panongova mhando imwe, ane murwi zvinoverengeka 27.
9. The mushonga chiratidzo - AL, ari Masvomhu verenga se "aruminiyamu".
10. The oxidation oga, akaenzana matatu.

The kwemakemikari ehupfumi ose aruminiyamu zvakazara kwakaitika yaro yemagetsi marongerwo ane atomu, nokuti ane hombe mabhomba nharaunda duku Erekitironi sungano, zviri kukwanisa kuita somunhu simba kuderedza mumiriri, uyewo zvose yezviri simbi.

Aluminum somunhu nyore fuma: panyama ehupfumi

Kana isu kutaura aruminiyamu somunhu nyore nyaya, chiri silvery-chena lustrous simbi. It oxidizes nokukurumidza mhepo uye yakafukidzwa pedyo gobvu oxide firimu. Ndizvowo zvinoitika kana kuitwa dzichiitika acids.

Kuvapo kwakadaro zvinhu kunoita simbi iyi husingakwanisi ngura, izvo, chokwadi, zvikuru dzinokodzera vanhu. Naizvozvo, izvi zvikuru kushandiswa rokuvaka iri aruminiyamu. Properties zviri pafuma uyewo vachiri kuziva kuti simbi iyi chiedza chaizvo, aine Zvinokosha zvakaisvonaka uye munyoro. Tikafunga izvi zvinhu anowanikwa asiri kure neumwe fuma.

Pane zvinhu zvenyama ehupfumi akawanda kuti vari runozivisa aruminiyamu.

1. Yakakwirira mwero malleability uye ductility. Kubva simbi iyi pave lightweight, simba uye dzakaonda chaizvo foil, rwuchipeterwa kupinda waya.
2. Utsotso pfungwa - 660 ⁰ C.
3. Achibika pfungwa - 2450 ⁰ C.
4. Density - 2,7 g / masendimita ^3.
5. Face zvakatinakira sekristaro yekamuri vhoriyamu, simbi.
6. Type nezvezvakanga - simbi.

Mumuviri makemikari zvivako zviri aruminiyamu kutsanangura zvinhu chikumbiro uye kushandiswa. Kana isu kutaura mumhuri divi, kuti basa rinokosha atopiwa runoonekwa nesu pamusoro maitiro. Somunhu lightweight, Zvinokosha zvakaisvonaka uye Anti-kungatikanganisa simbi, aruminiyamu inoshandiswa ndege uye shipbuilding. Saka, zvivako izvi zvinokosha chaizvo kuziva.

Chemical ehupfumi kuti aruminiyamu

Kubva makemikari maonero, vaiona simbi - simba achidzikisa mumiririri iyo inokwanisa nedzokunze mukuru namakemikari basa, sezvo yakachena fuma. Chinhu chikuru - ndiko kubvisa oxide firimu. Panyaya iyi, basa anowedzera zvinoshamisa.

Chemical ehupfumi kuti aruminiyamu sechinhu nyore fuma kunotemwa nemano ayo kuti sei ne:

• acids;
• alkalis;
• halogens;
• pfumbu.

Sezvo haina sei nemvura pasi zvavo ezvinhu. Saka kubva halogen pasina muchidziisa chete zvaanoita pamwe ayodhini. Nokuti vamwe siyana kwaida tembiricha.

Pane mienzaniso pokuenzanisira makemikari ehupfumi kuti aruminiyamu. Equations kudyidzana siyana:

• acids - AL + HCL = AlCL ₃ + H _2;
• alkalis - 2Al + 6 ₂ Haiwa + 2NaOH = Na [Al ( OH) _4] + 3 H _2;
  
• halogen - AL + Hal = ALHal _3;
• sarufa - 2AL + 3S = AL ₂ S _3.

Kazhinji, chinonyanya kukosha ehupfumi emashoko - refu kugona wokugadzirisa zvimwe zvinhu kubva zvavo yeimwe.

rokuzvivandudza rakaita kuti irambe kugona

The kwomuviri pamusoro aruminiyamu vari nyore yakabva maitiro nevamwe simbi oxides. It nyore anobvisa kubva zvinhu uye anobvumira kuvapo maanonyatsowonekwa. Somuenzaniso: Kr ₂ O ₃ + AL = AL ₂ O ₃ + Kr.

In indasitiri pane yose muitiro achigadzirira zvinhu inobva siyana izvi. It anonzi aluminothermy. Saka, muna makemikari indasitiri chinhu ichi rinoshandiswa kuti nedzimwe simbi.

Distribution zvakasikwa

Maererano kwakaita dzimwe simbi zvinhu aruminiyamu pokutanga kutanga. Rine 8.8% kubva goko paNyika. Kana tikaenzanisa pamwe nonmetals, ayo nzvimbo iri rechitatu pashure okisijeni nesilicon.

Nokuda mukuru reactivity hariwaniki yakaisvonaka chimiro, asi chete sezvo chikamu siyana yeimwe. Somuenzaniso, imwe muzvizhinji kuti anozivikanwa ores, zvicherwa, matombo, umo murwiyo chinosanganisira aruminiyamu. Zvisinei, iye chete yakabereka kubva bauxite, zviri chiri kunyanya guru zvakasikwa.

Rakajairika zvinhu ane simbi iri mubvunzo:

• feldspars;
• bauxite;
• granites;
• silica;
• aruminiyamu silicates;
• basalts nevamwe.

The shoma aruminiyamu zvinenge zvaisanganisira mu masero zvipenyu. Dzimwe chikwindi uye gungwa zvisikwa vanogona kuunganidza chaikosha ichi muviri wako upenyu.

mutambo

Mumuviri makemikari zvivako zviri aruminiyamu kunoita kuti vawane nzira imwe chete: nokuda electrolysis imwe uchanyangadika pakati runoenzanirana oxide. Zvisinei, izvi ndizvo yemazuva ano kunzwisisa. Utsotso pfungwa: AL ₂ O ₃ mukuru 2000 ⁰ C. Izvi zviri pasi zvakananga electrolysis haina kuwana. Naizvozvo mberi seizvi.

1. Mined bauxite.
2. Zvokune navo pakusachena, kusiya chete alumina.
3. Zvadaro yakarukutika cryolite.
4. Oxide Wakawedzerwa kwazviri.
5. muvhenganiswa ichi elekrolizuyut kupa wakachena aruminiyamu uye carbon dioxide.

Goho: 99,7%. Zvisinei, kugadzirira uye zvichida kunyange Cleaner simbi iyo inoshandiswa nokuda rwokugadzira zvinangwa.

kunyoresa

The zvemaziso ehupfumi kuti aruminiyamu hazvisi zvakanaka kurishandisa zvayo yakachena chimiro. Saka, pana ichi fuma alloys vari zvinowanzoshandiswa. Kune vazhinji, vanogona kunzi inokosha.

1. Duralumin.
2. Aluminum uye manganese.
3. Aluminum-magnesium.
4. Aluminum uye mhangura.
5. Silumin.
6. Avial.

Musiyano mukuru - Ichokwadi, wechitatu-party nevamiririri. Nheyo All inongova aruminiyamu. Nedzimwe simbi kuita zvinhu zvikuru yakasimba, ngura nemishonga, vanopfeka nemishonga uye pliable mu kugadzira.

Kune nzvimbo dzinoverengeka mikuru kushandiswa aruminiyamu wakachena chimiro kana muchimiro ayo yeimwe (alloys).

1. Nokuti zvaAtemisi waya uye foil kushandiswa muupenyu hwezuva nezuva.
2. Kugadzirwa glassware.
3. Ndege.
4. Shipbuilding.
5. Construction uye akitekicha.
6. Space indasitiri.
7. Kuumba reactors.

Pamwe nedare uye aruminiyamu alloys - rinokosha simbi. Zviri izvi vamiririri vaviri periodic ino Vakawana zvakawanda maindasitiri chikumbiro mumaoko murume.

Properties kuti aruminiyamu hydroxide

Hydroxide - vakawanda mukomboni iyo inowanikwa aruminiyamu. Chemical ehupfumi kwayo zvakafanana kuti ari simbi pachayo - nayo amphoteric. Izvi zvinoreva kuti anokwanisa kushandisa hunyambiri hunhu, kuti sei pamwe vose acids uye alkalis.

Roga, iro aruminiyamu hydroxide - chena gelatinous precipitate. Get nyore aruminiyamu munyu fomu ane alkali kana Ammonium hydroxide. In maitiro hydroxide ane asidhi anobvuma kuti runoenzanirana kwomuzvarirwo munyu uye mvura. Kana zvakaitwa anobuda ane alkali, iyo yakaumbwa aruminiyamu hydroxo umo nhamba yacho Kufambisa 4. Muenzaniso: Na [Al (OH) _4] - yavaibvisa tetragidroksoalyuminat.