Basa reKoenigsberg: iyo nzira yekushanda uye zvabuda

Basa reEngburg-Königsberg rakashata raiva chikamu chehondo yeEast Prussian. Mutemo weGermany wakatora matanho ose ezvigadziriro yekugadzirira kuramba uchidzivirira pasi pokukomba. MuKoenigsberg, maiva nemabhuku akawanda emari uye zvombo, mafekitari pasi pevhu akashanda.

Zvichemo zvekudzivirirwa kwenyika yevaGermany

Vasviki vakaumba zvindori zvitatu zvekupikisa. Yokutanga yakanga iri 6-8 km kubva pakati peKoenigsberg. Iro yaisanganisira matangi, anti anti-tank tsanga, zvidzitiro zvematare nemigodhi yemigodhi. Paiva nemasvingo gumi nemashanu, akavakwa kure kure muna 1882. Mumwe nomumwe wavo akanga ane zvigaro zvevanhu mazana maviri kusvika ku500. Ne 12-15 pfuti. Rwonzi rwechipiri rwakapfuura kumucheto kweKoenigsberg. Pano paiva nezvivako zvematombo, zvigadziro, zvigaro zvekufambisa pamigodhi yemigodhi uye pfuti dzekupinza. Pakati peguta racho yakapfuura rwonzi rwechitatu. Yaiva nezvikamu gumi nezvitanhatu, ravelins uye shongwe, yakavakwa muzana remakore rechi17 uye yakavakwa muna 1843-1873. Koenigsberg pachake inoreva maguta eurongwa hwakavhenganiswa. Chikamu chayo chakakomberedzwa chakavakwa kare kare muna 1525. Chimiro chayo chinonzi radial-circular. Nzvimbo dzekumusoro dzakadzikidzwa dzaive dzichitungamirirwa nekufananidza kuronga, uye kumaodzanyemba - kusarura. Saizvozvowo, kuzvidzivirira kwevaJalimane munzvimbo dzakasiyana dzeguta kwakaitwa nenzira dzakasiyana. Nzvimbo dzakakura, dzaiva 6-8 kubva kumativi, dzaive dzichibva kune mumwe kune imwe nzvimbo iri kure nemakiromita mana. Pakati pavo pakanga paine moto wakarongedzwa uye wakagadzirirwa zvigaro. Mune dzimwe nzvimbo kwaiva nehupenyu hunoramba huchirwisa tangi. Urefu hwahwo hwaiva 6-10 km, uye yakadzika - anenge mamita matatu.

Zvimwe zvekudzivirirwa

Panzira yemuguta iri pedyo nechepakati peguta racho, bhanhire romukati rekudzivirira raisanganisira mabheti akazara uye 24 edzimba dzevhu. Iyo yekupedzisira yakanga yakabatana nomumwe kune mumwe nevanorwisa matangi, iyo yaiva hafu yakazadzwa nemvura. Izvo zvekunze nekunze mabhanhire ekudzivirira zvakaparadzaniswa nemarin'i maviri ari pakati. Mune rimwe nerimwe rawo maiva nemiganhu miviri yezvigaro, bunkers, mapillboxes, ayo pane dzimwe nzvimbo akafukidzwa nemigodhi yemigodhi uye zvidzitiro zvematare.

Moto unotaura

Nheyo yekudzivirirwa kwemukati yakaumbwa kubva pane zvakasimba. Vakanga vakabatana pamwe chete nekuputika uye vakazvifukidza nemasimba anokwana anti-tank uye zvinopesana nevanhu. Nheyo dzekusimbisa dzakagadzirirwa pamharadzano yemigwagwa mumatombo, iyo yakasimbiswa zvikuru uye yakagadzirirwa kushandiswa kwezvidziviriro. Izvo zvipingamupinyi zvakaumbwa pakati pemakumbo akasimba zvakafukidzwa nemagariro, masango, blockages. Zvinhu zvakasiyana-siyana zvakashandiswa pakuvaka kwavo. Zvinhu zvakasiyana-siyana zvaiva neukama hwemoto pamwe chete zvakagadzira zvikwata zvekudzivirira. Ivo, ivowo, vakaiswa mumiganhu. Sangano remitambo yemoto rakaitwa nekugadzirisa zvigadziriswa kune kushandiswa kwemagetsi nemapurisa. Zvombo zvekugadzirisa uye zvigadziri zvemapurisa zvakanga zvanyanya kunyanya pasi, pasi, grenade launchers uye submachine gunners kumusoro.

Kurongeka kwesimba

Basa reKönigsberg muna 1945 rakaitwa nekubatanidzwa kwemauto emutambo wechipiri uye wechitatu weByelorussia pasi pomurairo waK. K. Rokossovsky uye ID Chernyakhovsky, weHondo ye43 ye 1st Baltic Front inotungamirirwa na I. Kh. Baghramyan. Soviet Army kubva kugungwa yakatsigirwa neBaltic Fleet pasi pekutungamirirwa kweAdmiral V. F. Tributs. Pamwe chete, 15 akabatanidzwa-maoko, mauto ane tangi, 5 mechanized and tank body, uye 2 mauto emhepo akabatanidzwa mumhirizhonga. MunaJanuary 1945, Konigsberg akadzivirira boka rezvikwata "Centre" (kubvira 26.01 - "North"). Uyu murairo wakaitwa naColonel-General G. Reinhardt (kubva 26.01 - L. Rendulich). Kurwisana kubva kurutivi rweGermany kwakapiwa nemunda 2 uye mauto ane tangi, 1 - nemhepo yemhepo.

Raira Purogiramu

Basa reKoenigsberg, muchidimbu, rinoreva kubviswa kweboka reEastern Prussian kubva kune vamwe. Zvadaro zvakarongwa kuidzoserazve kugungwa uye kuiparadza. Nokuda kweizvi, hondo yeSoviet yaifanira kuuraya panguva imwe chete kubva kumaodzanyemba uye kuchamhembe pamwe nemitemo inotendeuka. Maererano neurongwa hwemurairo, pakange pane urongwa hwekutsvaga paPillau.

Insterburg-Koenigsberg operation

Zviito zvekuita zveSoviet mauto zvakatanga musi waJanuary 13. I 3rd Byelorussian Front yakaputsa kusindimara kusindimara kwevaGermany, yakaputsa kuburikidza nezvidziviriro pa18.01 kuchamhembe kweNumbinnen. Masoja akaenderera mberi kusvika 20-30 km mukati. Icho 2 yeBelorussian Front yakatanga kutadza 14.01. Mushure mehondo yakaoma, mauto akakwanisa kupfuurira kuburikidza nekudzivirirwa uye kukura nekukurumidza. Panguva imwecheteyo, mauto makumi maviri nemakumi mashanu nezana mashanu akazadzisa kubudirira kwavo. Musi waJanuary 19, mauto makumi matatu nemakumi matatu nemakumi matatu akatora Tilsit. Munguva yehondo, boka revavengi rakaendeswa kunharaunda musi 19-22 January. Pausiku hwe 22/01, mauto eSoviet akatanga kutambudza Interbury. Guta rakatorwa mangwanani. Musi waJanuary 26, mauto akazosvika kuBaltic Sea kuchamhembe kweElibing. Iko mauto makuru emaGermany akaparadzaniswa kuva mapoka akasiyana. Chikamu 2 cheuto chakakwanisa kutamira kuVistula muPomerania. Kuparadzwa kwemauto emhandu kwakadzosera kugungwa kwakagoverwa kune zvikamu zveBrorussian Front Front, yakabatsirwa nemauto 4 ekutanga mberi. Mamwe masimba aifanira kutungamirira basa reKonigsberg (mufananidzo wezvimwe zviitiko zvehondo zvinowanikwa munyaya yacho). Chikamu chechipiri chemauto ehondo chakatanga musi waMarch 13.

Basa reKoenigsberg: iyo nzira yekushanda

Pakavhuvhuta 29, mauto eSoviet akanga aparadza boka reHeilisberg. Kubva musi waApril 6, kudengenyeka kweKoenigsberg kwakatanga. Muhondo yacho vakapindira zvikamu zveBrorussian Front Front pasi pomurairo waVasilevsky. Vakapa chikamu kuBaltic Fleet. Basa reKoenigsberg rakashata raiva rakaoma nekuvapo kwemashure matatu ekudzivirira. Pamberi pekuputika, guru-guru rezvombo zvezvikepe uye nechepamberi zvakadzinga guta uye nhare dzokudzivirira kwemazuva mana, nokudaro kuparadza nzvimbo dzevavengi kwenguva refu. Pamwechete basa reKoenigsberg pacharo rakatanga musi wa6 April. VaGermany vakaramba vakasindimara. Asi pakupera kwezuva, 39th Army yakakwanisa kuzvikwidziririra pakuzvidzivirira kwemuvengi kwemakiromita akawanda. Masoja akacheka gwagwa reKoenigsberg-Pillau. Panguva ino, maGadhi 50, 43 ne11. Mauto akaparara nepakati pekutanga rekuchengetedza ring. Vakakwanisa kusvika pedyo nemasvingo eguta racho. Mune nhare iyo yekutanga kunopinda muzvikamu zveHome 43. Mazuva maviri mushure mehondo yakasindimara, mauto eSoviet akakwanisa kubata zviteshi zvezvitima nechiteshi, nzvimbo dzakawanda dzezvigadzirwa uye zvehondo. Basa rokutanga iro basa reKoenigsberg raifanira kuitwa nderokugura boka revarwi kubva kumasimba akamira kuZemland Peninsula.

Kunyatsozivikanwa kwemauto ehondo

Paakaronga matanho ekushanda kweKoenigsberg, murairo weSoviet wakatanga kutsvaga muganhu wokutanga wekurwisa, uko mauto nemabhururu zvakavanzwa. Zvadaro hondo yakagadzirwa yakavakwa, mushure mokunge matangi acho akadzurwa. Panzvimbo dzokufambisa, zvombo zvakatungamirirwa zvakananga zvakaiswa, zvikamu zvezvipingamupinyi zvakarongeka. Mushure maizvozvi, mabasa akazvigadzirirwa kuputika kwepfuti, zvombo zvehondo uye matangi, uye kushamwaridzana nguva dzose kwemauto ehurumende kwakarongeka. Mushure mokugadzirira kwenguva pfupi asi kwakanyatsogadzirwa, zvombo zvakatungamirirwa zvakananga zvakapisa moto pamasuo emoto akaonekwa, masvingo nemahwindo edzimba, zvivharo zvekuparadzwa kwavo. Kunze kwekunze kwakagadziriswa kushamisika kwekushungurudza mauto. Vakatamhanya nokukurumidza kusvika kumakamuri makuru. Mushure mekurwa kwepomegranate, zvivako zvakatorwa. Zvayakanga ichitsemuka ichienda kunze kwekunze, mauto ekurwisa akadzika mukati meguta. Masoja akapinda mumapaki, madhara, minda, magwande, etc. Zvakabata zvigadziro uye zvivako, mauniti akabva aita kuti vapinde munyika inodzivirira. Zvivakwa zvematombo zvakasimbiswa. Zvivako zvakanyatsogadziriswa zvakagadzirirwa kunze kwekatarisana nemuvengi. Mumunharaunda, inotorwa nemauto eSoviet, akashongedzerwa nheyo dzakasimba, kudzivirirwa kwerutema kwakasikwa, uye vatungamiri vane mutoro wekutora pfungwa yacho vakagadzwa. Mumazuva mashomanana okutanga ekurwisana, kurwisana nemakwikwi ehurumende yakaita zvitsva zvinenge 14 000, zvichidonha anenge mazana matatu ematomu emabhomba muzvidziviriro zvidziviriro nemauto.

Kuzvipira kwevaGermany

8.04 mutemo weSoviet wakatumirwa kunhare yemaParamende vane chirevo chekuisa maoko avo. Zvisinei, muvengi akaramba, kuramba achiramba. Pakazosvika mangwanani eEpril 9, mapoka akawanda emusasa akaedza kuenda kumadokero. Asi zviito zveHome 43, mazano aya akanganisa. Somugumisiro, muvengi haana kumbokwanisa kutiza kubva muguta. Kubvira kuZemland peninsula, zvikamu zve 5th Panzer Division zvakaedza kurwisa. Zvisinei, iyi inopikisana nayo yakanga isina kubudirira. Kuchema kurwisana neSoviet ndege uye zvombo zvehondo pazvigaro zvekudzivirira zveGermany zvakatanga. Zvikamu zveVatariri 11. Hondo yakarova kumaGerman avo vakaramba mukati meguta. Somugumisiro, musi waApril 9 boka revarwi rakamanikidzwa kuisa maoko aro.

Mhinduro

Basa reKoenigsberg rakabvumira kusunungurwa kwemaguta anokosha. Mamwe mapoka makuru eEastern Prussian German boka akaparadzwa. Mushure mokurwa, hondo dzakasara paZemland Peninsula. Zvisinei, boka iri rakakurumidza kubviswa. Maererano nezvinyorwa zveSoviet, vanenge 94 000 vanofungidzirwa zvakatorwa, vanenge 42 000 vakaurayiwa. Zvikwata zveSoviet zvakatora zvigaro zvinopfuura 2 000, zvinopfuura 1 600 matope, ndege 128. Maererano nekuongororwa kwemamiriro ezvinhu akaitwa naG. Kretinin, anenge 25-30 zviuru zvevanhu vakanga varipo muhuwandu hwevasungwa, vakazviwana ivo mumatunhu akasiyana-siyana. Panyaya iyi, munyori wenhau dzakaitika anotaura nhamba ye 70.5 zviuru zvejerman servicemen yakatorwa mushure mokuguma kwehondo. Basa reKoenigsberg rakaratidzwa nemabasa ekudzidzira moto muMoscow. Pakati pemauto 324, mapoka makumi maviri nemaviri akaitwa. Mukuwedzera, hutungamiri hwenyika hwakagadzira mishonga, uye mapoka 98 euto ainzi "Kenigsberg". Maererano nezvinyorwa zveSoviet, kurasikirwa mumauto eSoviet kwaive kusvika 3 700 vakaurayiwa. G. Kretinin akanyora kuti basa rose rakarongwa uye rakaitwa "kwete nhamba, asi neunyanzvi."

Mhedziso

Munguva yeEast Prussian, mauto eSoviet airatidza unyanzvi hwakanaka uye hutsinye hunoshamisa. Vakakunda kukunda zvindori zvakasimba zvakasimba zvekudzivirira, izvo muvengi akadzivirira nehasha uye kutsamwa kukuru. Kukunda mubasa kwakagadziriswa nekuda kwehondo dzakakwana kwenguva refu. Somugumisiro, mauto eSoviet akakwanisa kutora East Prussia, kuti asununguke kumaodzanyemba kwePoland.