Kudhipotwa avanhu muSoviet Union: zvikonzero, zvinhu, migumisiro yakaipa. Pokutapwa avanhu Soviet Union muna Kazakhstan

History hazviratidzwi nguva dzose kunounza chavanhu guru matongo uye kufara nguva. nyika zvinowanzoitika hazvishanduki zviitiko vaizoramba kuparadza upenyu mazana ezviuru zvevanhu. Izvi pokutapwa avanhu muSoviet Union. Zvikonzero, zvinhu, migumisiro uye migumisiro nhasi anoramba ane mubvunzo rakashama kuti matambudzo dzekare uye kunokonzera kusawirirana uye kujekesa. Kunyange zvakadaro, dambudziko iri hazvigoni anoonekwa somunhu akanaka kukura munhoroondo yevanhu. Sei? Ngationgororei nyaya iyi mberi.

pfungwa

Kudhipotwa avanhu muSoviet Union - chiitiko rakazungunusa nyika iri thirties remakore rapfuura. Political udzvanyiriri Huru ichi vasina inoitwa kare, saka vanhu zvakaita zvakauya ndisingafungiri. The chikuru chinoratidza kubudiswa - kuti muitiro akanga enyaya. Vazhinji vakatama, kwete kufungisisa yakawiriranwa kutsunga akasiyana nzvimbo pfungwa dzaiva mumwe kujairika, kure nekumba, uye dzimwe nguva kunyange ngozi.

nhoroondo mashoko

Kare, kuti pokutapwa avanhu Soviet Union akaputsa upenyu vemarudzi gumi. Pakati pavo paiva vokuGermany uye vokuKorea, paiva Chechens, Kalmyks nezvimwe vagari kuti iyi zvose kurasikirwa zvayo National kuzvionera.

Vanhu vakarasikirwa nezvinhu zvose vaiva: musha, mhuri, hama, basa uye mari. kumanikidzwa Kubviswa dzavo uye vakagara ezvinhu akaipisisa iri kurarama chete kupfuura kuramba. Nanhasi haina kuzivikanwa chaizvo izvo vanhu Soviet Union vakaburitswa nekuti nhamba dzavo dzaiva hombe. In ichi "utongi mukuyi" vakanga emadzinza, magariro strata uye ethno-confessional vemo. Vagari Soviet wakatsunga zvinotyisa zvakaitika 30s, uye gare gare muHondo Yenyika II.

utsinye ichi kuti vavhiringe rugare Poles, Ukrainians, Russian, Moldavians, vaBulgaria, vokuArmenia, vokuTurkey, uye mamwe madzinza. Akatumidza chiitiko kutyorwa kwekodzero kugona chete muna 1991. Ipapo mutemo vakacherechedza kuti pokutapwa avanhu Soviet Union yaiva nzvimbo kuti, uye vaidzvinyirirwa vanhu pasi rudzi, kuchera, kumanikidzwa misha, ugandanga uye nezvimwe nekukasika.

The zvinokonzera kusaruramisira

Sei pokutapwa avanhu muSoviet Union? Zvikonzero kazhinji yakapirikirwa muchiedza pakutanga Huru Patriotic War. Ndiko kuti, zvakanga zvinotyisa zvakaitika 40-ies akava hwaro kuti kudzingwa kwevanhu ndisingadiwi. Asi vaya vane rummage zvakanaka zviitiko izvi, nzwisisa kuti ichi hachisi chikonzero chikuru. Pashure pokutapwa avanhu Soviet Union akatanga refu isati dambudziko hondo.

Nei hurumende yeSoviet tsitsi tuma vanhu vavo rufu? Kusvikira ikozvino, kusawirirana zvinoitiswa panyaya iyi. Pamutemo, zvinofungirwa kuti kusavimbika chaiva chikonzero vachiendeswa avanhu USSR. Chikonzero chaiva chokubatsira vamiririri marudzi aya Hitler, uyewo avo basa akavhiyiwa pamusoro Red Army.

Muenzaniso unoshamisa zvisakarurama udzvanyiriri dzemadzinza dzinogona ave nhoroondo Chechens uye Ingush. kudzingwa kwavo yakavanzwa, asi zvikonzero chaivo havana pachena. Vanhu vanomanikidzwa kudavira kuti ichaitwa tactical muchiitwa munharaunda yokumusha kwavo. Maererano zhinji dzekare, achiri dambudziko pokutambudza vanhu ava vakatanga kurwa kwavo nyika rusununguko uye kushorwa kutya simba yeSoviet.

Mamiriro ezvinhu akafanana chakaitika pamwe vokuKorea. Vakatanga dzinga nokuda vasori vachida Japan, izvo zvichipomerwa kwaibatanidza vamiririri rudzi urwu. Asi kana isu funga zviitiko muudzame hunobuda vachida enyika udzvanyiriri. Saka, nemhaka kudzingwa pakati vokuKorea, Soviet Union akaratidza chido chacho pamwe China, Japan uye paaishorwa zvarwo, zvematongerwo nzvimbo kuFar East.

Kazhinji, zvinokosha kuziva kuti kutapwa vanhu USSR zvishoma akaratidza mafungire zviremera 'kune vezvematongerwo enyika mamiriro ezvinhu munyika. Kudai vakanga kare vakaedza kubvisa chete marudzi kumhanyira kuti rusununguko, munguva yehondo, vakanga nokuda dzinga ndudzi vakagutsa vatsigiri.

Wokutanga chinozunguzirwa

Muenzaniso zviitiko chisimba yokutanga yakawanikwa 1918. Zvino makore manomwe, hurumende yeSoviet akaedza dzinga kuti White Guard Cossacks, uye vaya vakanga guru mapindu. Yokutanga experimental simbi Cossacks of Terek nharaunda. Mukuwedzera vaifanira kuenda kune dzimwe nzvimbo dziri Donbass uye North Caucasus, avo nharaunda chizvarwa hwakatamisirwa kune vamwe vakatambudzwa ramangwana, iyo Ingush uye Chechens.

Chokwadi, hapana chakanaka vaisagona kugumisa pokutapwa avanhu USSR. Historiography inoratidza kuti muna 1921, kunyange vanhu Russian vakadzingwa munharaunda yavo Semirechensk ivo nechisimba vakaperekedza kubva Turkestan apo.

Zvinotevera zvakaitika kare muna 30s. In Leningrad, paiva hombe kupambwa Estonians, Latvians, Poles, vokuGermany, Finns uye Lithuanians. Rakanga kunoteverwa kudzingwa pamusoro Ingrian Finnish. mhuri dzakanga vaidzvinyirirwa pashure makore mashomanana Poles uye vokuGermany, ndokugara Ukraine.

hondo

Pokubudiswa munyika vanhu USSR munguva yehondo, yakanga yakawanda kushingaira uye kupfuura utsinye. Panguva iyoyo, vakadzingwa kuwanda marudzi, kusanganisira Kurds, ari Crimean Roma, Pontian vaGiriki, Nogai, uye zvichingodaro. D. Vose vakatambudzwa nokuda kubatirapamwe. Pamusana yekuita pamwe pakati vanhu nyika-kurwisa uye ayo nevatsigiri, vanhu vakanga kunyimwa kuzvionera dzavo, dzimba dzavo. Kudhipotwa avanhu muSoviet Union, tafura iyo kare kukasawedzerwa marudzi itsva, yakashatiswa upenyu vanopfuura 60 vemarudzi. In patafura marudzi avo vakatambura kwazvo.

Kuwanda vakaburitswa Vagari (zvevanhu).

nguva	vokuGermany	Crimean Tatars	Chechens	Ingush	Karachai	Kalmyks	Balkar
matsutso 1941	1193
matsutso 1943					137
chando 1944			731	174		192
Spring 1944		190					108
Spring-Fall 1945		151	328	77	121	79	33
1946-1948	999	295	608	154	115	150	63
chirimo 1949	1078	295	576	159	115	153	64
1950	2175	300	582	160	118	154	63
1953-1989	9870	1227	3381	852	606	722	325

Nhoroondo inoratidza zvikonzero maitiro akadai Soviet Union aigona kunge yakawanda. kunetsana ichi pakati penyika uye marudzi, hunotova chero paangodira pakati Stalin, geopolitical nezvavanofunga, zvose zvemarudzi zvisizvo uye zvichingodaro. D. Ngatimboongororai sei pokubudiswa munyika nomumwe vanhu USSR uye kuti udzvanyiriri sei upenyu hwevanhu.

Chechens uye Ingush

Saka, sezvinoratidzwa zvinyorwa, vanhu ava vakadzingwa nokuda kuitisa tactical kurovedza. Izvi zvakanga zvakafanira kuti hunganzi kuvapo emakoronyera mumakomo. Kudivi rimwe, izvi zvakanga kwakarurama. Mumakomo, zvino unogona kuona bhanditi zvinhu vanoedza kupidigura hurumende yeSoviet. Ukuwo, mauto aya akanga diki zvokuti vaisagona kuita chinhu.

Kunyange zvakadaro, kubva 1944, vanhu vave zvifambiswe kuna Central Asia uye Kazakhstan. Senguva dzose, vanhu vakawanda vakanga vachifira kwemahofisi. Vakasara vakasiyiwa chete murenje. Pasi, vakasiya Chechens uye Ingush, akatuma vadzidzi vaifanira kutsigira mombe nezvimwe purazi.

Zvinokosha kucherechedza kuti vaongorori kakawanda vaisimbirira kuti mhosva kutsigira Chechens vokuGermany havana mhosva. Izvi imhaka yokuti hapana chimwe musoja wokuGermany hachina kuonekwa munyika ino, uye pamwe uye kubatana panhengo yeNazi mauto kugona kuitika, nokuti kuunganidza haana munharaunda iyoyo.

Sezvambotaurwa, Chechens Ingush akauya pasi 'kupisa ruoko "nokuti zvakagara vakakurwirai kwayo rusununguko uye vakaedza tidzivise hurumende yeSoviet.

vokuGermany

Zvichida, zviri pachena kuti wokutanga uyo akanga pasi udzvanyiriri munguva Second World War, vokuGermany rakatanga. Nechekare muna 1941 chirevo wakabudiswa, maererano iyo, vanofanira "kuparadza" ari zvionera Republic of Volga, izvo vachigaramo rudzi urwu. Mazuva maviri waingova vanhu vakaendeswa kuSiberia, Kazakhstan, Altai uye Urals. nhamba yavo yakasvika 360 zviuru vanhu.

Chikonzero udzvanyiriri kwakadaro yave kubuda mashoko nezveramangwana vasori uye sabhoteji, dzaiva kutanga pakarepo mushure chiratidzo Hitler. Zvisinei, sezvo nhoroondo inoratidza uye magwaro vakawana pakanga pasina chikonzero chokudavira kuti zviitiko izvi zvichaitika. runyerekupe izvi zvava inongova chokumupomera kuti dzinga reGermany vanhu.

VeGermany vakanga kupinda muchiuto, akabvapo. Men pakati makore 17 zvinotevera gore akadana ari basa pembiru. Ikoko, vakashanda zvakaoma fekitari, zvimbambaira uye nematanda mumisasa. The zvinoitirwa yakawira marudzi, nhoroondo yokumusha zvakanga vatsigiri Hitler. Pashure pehondo, vanotambudzwa, vakaedza kudzokera kumusha, asi muna 1947 ivo vakasungwa zvakare.

Karachai

Karachai akatambura udzvanyiriri muna 1943. Pakutanga Yechipiri World War nhamba yavo yakanga zvishoma kupfuura zviuru 70 vanhu. A gore rose nharaunda yavo dzaitongwa neGermany. Asi pashure nokubudiswa vanhu hatina kukwanisa kuwana rugare.

Muna 1943, vaipomerwa kubatirapamwe navarwi okuGermany akabatsira Karachai, akaratidza mugwagwa uye kudzivirirwa nomudzimu Red Army. Kubvisa rudzi urwu Kazakhstan uye Kyrgyzstan, rakanga kushandisa muchiuto, vanosvika 53,000. Somugumisiro, vanopfuura 69,000 Karachai vakatorwa kubva kunyika. Panguva kutakura vanhu 600 zvakaurayiwa. Hafu udzvanyiriri yaiva nevana pasi pemakore 16.

Avo panguva akashanda Red Army muna 1944 pashure demobilization vakasungwa.

Kalmyks

Kalmyks usapindwa chete dambudziko sezvo Karachai. Pakupera 1943 iye chirevo, iro rinotarisirwa kudzingwa kuti rudzi urwu. Chikonzero vadzingwe yakanga hurumende yeSoviet, kuti kusiyiwa kubatsira Red Army ari National kurwisana. The chiitiko chikuru udzvanyiriri ichi chaiva oparesheni "Uluses" vakadzinganiswa nemauto eSoviet.

In wokutanga danho akanga kubviswa pamusoro 93 zviuru Kalmucks. Pakati pavo paiva 700 makororo uye vaya vanoshingaira collaborated pamwe vokuGermany. Papera mwedzi zvakanzi vakadzingwa mumwe vanhu 1,000. Vanopfuura 50% of Kalmyks vagara munzvimbo Tyumen. Nokuti kuti vachiendeswa kwakaitika December / January, vanhu vazhinji vakafa dzaifanoiswa.

Avo vakapa rudzi urwu, urwo rakatomboshandiswa vabatsirwe Dzvuku Army, vakadanwa kubva kumberi uye rokudzidzisa masangano. Uye vari anoparadzirwa pakutanga maererano siyana muchiuto maruwa, uye ipapo adzingwa basa. Kunyange zvakadaro, pane uchapupu hwokuti Kalmyks achiri muhondo uye sehofisi Soviet Union.

Crimean Tatars

Nokufamba kwenguva, izvozvo vakatanga pakaunda-tsamwisa of Red Army, uye zvadaro kusunungurwa kumatunhu uye maguta. Zvisinei, Stalin haana kudzikama uye akaramba dzinga rudzi pashure rudzi dzavakaberekerwa. Saka, pashure makatodzinga vokuGermany kubva kunyika Crimean Tatars akatanga kudzvinyirira.

Maererano nemagwaro ndikawana Zvakazoitika kuti chikonzero ndiyo kwemahofisi kusiya. Maererano Beria, Bole zviuru 20 vanhu rudzi urwu vava vatengesi kuna Red Army. Part of Crimean Tatars vakasarudza kutamira Germany. Chimwe chikamu akaramba muCrimea. Ikoko vakasungwa, uye panguva kutsvaka akawana kuwanda zvombo.

USSR panguva iyoyo aitya Turkey kuti simba iri ezvinhu. Ndipo Tatars zhinji vaigara pamberi hondo, uye vamwe vavo akagarako kusvikira zvino. Saka, ukama hwemhuri anogona kunokanganisa rugare vanhuwo zvavo, uye Kuwanikwa zvombo zvakakonzera mhirizhonga nezvimwe kwezvematongerwe. nechokwadi izvi simba eSoviet akanga chokuita yokuti Germany aiedza kunyengetedza Turkey kuti abatane Union.

Kudhipotwa kwakatora anenge maviri mazuva. Udzvanyiriri hurumende yeSoviet akatumira varwi 32.000. Crimean Tatars aiva maminitsi mashoma kuti arongedze uye kuenda yemapurisa. Kana munhu asingadi kusiya imba kana zvikasadaro asingachaoni kufamba, akanga akapfurwa. Senguva dzose, vakawanda chaizvo akafa dzaifanoiswa nokushayiwa zvokudya, kurapwa uye hasha ezvinhu.

Pokubudiswa munyika vanhu USSR Kukuru Patriotic War kwakaitika pamusoro pamwedzi hwaro. Pasi udzvanyiriri raparadza uye Azerbaijanis, vaigara munharaunda Georgia. Vakatumirwa kuti nzvimbo uye Borchali Karayazsky. Magumisiro tsaona ichi ndechokuti mhuri 31 chete akasara munzvimbo. VokuArmenia vakasungwa kubva dzavakaberekerwa muna 1944. Zvegore, udzvanyiriri pakati Meskhetian vokuTurkey, vaGiriki, vokuTurkey uye Kurds.

dambudziko zvabuda

Somugumisiro kuendeswa avanhu Soviet Union kwakaita kuti zvinotyisa zvabuda, kuramba nokusingaperi mumwoyo ose mugari vaidzvinyirirwa marudzi. Sezvinoratidzwa enhoroondo data, nhamba vokuGermany vakanga vave nechisimba misha, yakasvika vanhu vanoda kusvika 950,000. Uwandu vakaburitswa Chechens Balkarians Ingushs uye karachaevtcev raiva 608 zviuru. Crimean Tatars, vaBulgaria, vaGiriki uye vokuArmenia vakasungwa muna uwandu 228 zviuru.

Dzikamhara mundima itsva, kugara vaifanira kutsungirira matambudziko akawanda. Rufu pakati pemarudzi aya yakawedzera kakawanda mumakore kwekutapiswa kufa paavhareji kota rwacho.

Uyewo kucherechedza ndiyo nhamba vagari kuti vakabudiswa munyika. Vamwe akaziva chiitiko ichi kunzwisisa vamwe, nekusiyana, vakatenda vaidzvinyirirwa vakaraswa uye vaivashora. mamiriro ezvinhu aya kwakaita kuti chisimba pamusoro chikamu vakaurayiwa zviitiko izvi. Somuenzaniso, vakawanda zvirire pamusoro simba Soviet uye vakaedza kuronga kusagadzikana munzanga.

utsinye consequences

Sezvingatarisirwa, vanotyisa nhamo yakanga pokutapwa avanhu USSR. Zvikonzero, zvinhu, zvabuda uye izvi zvakanga zvisina kunaka. Zvizhinji zvakashanda akandwa pasi udzvanyiriri, pane vachirwa nevaNazi. A huru kuwanda midziyo uye muchiuto aidaro pokutapwa, kunyange zvazvo vakanga vasina kukwana nechemberi. Nhamba dzinoratidza kuti masoja vanopfuura zviuru 220 vakanga kushanda Resettlement. We pamwe navo, uye vashandi zvakasiyana siyana Vezvemitemo anenge 100 zviuru.

Uyezve, udzvanyiriri uye kutya vamwe marudzi, vaiva nechokwadi chokuti achakurumidza kuuya, uye shure kwavo. Saka, pasi "kupisa ruoko" aigona kuwana Estonians, Ukrainians uye yakarwiwa panzvimbo inonzi Karelia. Kirghiz zvakare vakatya nokurasikirwa kwavo yechizvarigo, sezvo zvakanga runyerekupe kuti zvose zvemo vanhu kuchatsiviwa vatama.

Pokutapwa avanhu Soviet Union uye nemigumisiro yayo zvakakonzera kuti chose erases ose emadziro kwavanobva. Nokuti chokuti kugara apinda zvavo kujairwa kwezvakatipoteredza, zvizvarwa vanhu hwakakanyiwa vaidzvinyirirwa. Liquidated National-miganhu inotungamirwa. The udzvanyiriri akasiya chihombe mucherechedzo pamusoro Mararamiro vatama, tsika dzavo uye tsika.

Pokutapwa avanhu Soviet Union uye nemigumisiro yayo zvakakonzera kuti vanhu ava vazhinji vari dzichirwisana, havagoni kugovera nyika. Zvakakosha kunzwisisa kuti zvakawanda zvinokonzera izvi hazvina takarurama. Haukwanisi nharo kuti hurumende yeSoviet akatora yakaenzanirana mhinduro yaizobatsira munguva Second World War. Vamwe marudzi vabhadhara kushora kwavo kuzviremera, vokuGermany vari waitirwa kutsiva nokuda Hitler vake utsinye.

replenishment pamusoro Kazakhstan

Astana zvakare munguva yakafanira yaizova nzvimbo iri "anodzivirira" vanhu. Pokutapwa avanhu Soviet Union muna Kazakhstan, akatanga refu isati hondo. A kuwanda munyika vachiendeswa vasvika munharaunda reRepublic, muna 1931 vakanga vanenge 190 zviuru. Makore matanhatu gare gare, pano vakauya zvakare pakutapwa, pakanga vanenge kaviri sezvo vazhinji, 360,000. Sezvo Kazakhstan akava nzvimbo dzokugara vakaurayiwa udzvanyiriri.

Vakawanda vevaya kuuya kuno zvachose dzokugara, akagadzirisa vashandi maindasitiri mabhizimisi uye ehurumende kumapurazi. Vaifanira kugara mumatumba, yurts uye chinochechenya hurongwa pachena.

Ukrainians vakamuka pano XIX remakore. Munguva prewar nguva vakava yakatokura. Pashure pehondo, nhamba Ukrainians ndiyo vagari vanopfuura zviuru 100. Pakati vakaburitswa vaiva zvibhakera mhuri uye OUN. Pakazosvika mangwanani '50s muKazakhstan akatanga kusvika, uye vaya vari anosunungurwa KarLag.

Izvi zvakare akaenda munyika vachiendeswa uye Korean, izvo 1937 akauya kubva East Far. In Kazakhstan asvika uye Poles zvaitumirwa pano nokuda kwehondo yenyika, chete kumugumo 30. With pakatanga Hondo Yenyika II akasvika Astana kunyange zvakawanda vamiriri rudzi urwu.

Pashure pehondo, vazhinji vatama vakaramba tama kune nzvimbo. Pokutapwa avanhu Soviet Union muna Kazakhstan kwakakonzera kuti munharaunda iyo nyika kupa marudzi ose vanogara mundima Soviet Union. Nechekare muna 1946, zvakanga akawedzera imwe 100 zviuru vakawirwa udzvanyiriri, kuti dzinokwana vanenge 500 zviuru vakaendeswa.

Vazhinji misha vanhu vakanga vachiedza ibvapo hwake hutsva, iyo kwainzi kutiza uye kutyorwa kwomutemo mhosva. Ose mazuva matatu vaifanira vaudze NKVD pamusoro chero zviitiko zvinokosha kuti vakaita nenhamba.

Chinangwa chikuru kwemahofisi kwainzi husingaperi kugara nomumwe munharaunda. Kuuraya chirongwa chakadai, hurumende yeSoviet akaedza kuitisa utsinye zvirango pamusoro Vanotyora mutemo. Kana mumwe munhu ari kuedza kutiza kubva mundima kugarwa, yakanga dzakabatwa kusvika makore makumi maviri zvakaoma.

Vabatsiri vanhu ava zvakare vakamirira wokutsiva - mujeri kwemakore angasvika 5 years. The chikuru basa nehurumende yeSoviet chaiva kushomeka vaidzvinyirirwa chido uye kuedza kumba kwake.

Maererano achangopfuura kuongorora, pamusoro nguva yose vachiendeswa Kazakhstan vakabva miriyoni imwe misha. Nechekare nepakati 50s maigara vatorwa mamiriyoni maviri.

For chii?

Waiitwa makore mashoma pokutapwa avanhu USSR. Photos of zviitiko, uye kusvikira nhasi vanomirira kuomarara nezviremera. Zvichaitirwa vanhu vakanga vakaremara, uye nguva hakuzofadzi kubatsirwa. Mumwe nomumwe wavo aida kudzokera kumusha kudzorera yakare kuti upenyu. Vanhu vave vachiedza kuwana musha wake, mhuri yake uye mufaro wake.

The Soviet Union vakaedza kubvisa kwete chete marudzi ose uye nyika dzavo, mitauro, tsika uye tsika. Kana munhu ngaatore zvose, ipapo anova mushumiri anoteerera ane utongi nehurumende. Vakaburitswa vanhu vakatambura zvikuru mupfungwa uye mumuviri kunotevera. Vakanga nenzara uye vachirwara, vakaedza kuwana musha uye zororo.

Pashure Stalin afa, zvinhu zvakatanga kuchinja pachinhu vanotama, mutemo Zvokusunungurwa, asi kuti varatidze zvaitika vanhu zvakanga zvisingaiti. Magumo avo uye upenyu zvave zvachose yakavhiringidzwa uye kuparadzwa.