Kuita kwakakodzera kune phenol. Kugadzirira kwe phenols: kuchinja

Carbolic acid - rimwe remazita e phenol, rinoratidza maitiro aro anokosha mumakemikari. Ichi chinhu chinopenya kupfuura benzene chinopinda nucleopic substitution reaction. I-acidic properties yekemikari inotsanangurwa nekufamba kweatomu ehydrogen mu hydroxyl boka rakasungirirwa kumhete. Chidzidzo chekugadzirisa kwema molecule uye kugadzirisa kwepamusoro kune phenol kunoita kuti zvikwanise kuisa chigadzirwa ichi sezvikamu zvinonhuwira - zvigadzirwa zveBenene.

Phenol (hydroxybenzene)

Muna 1834 mutori wemakemikari weGermany Runge akaparadzanisa carbolic acid kubva mumarata emarasha, asi akakundikana kugadzirisa kuumbwa kwayo. Gare gare, vamwe vatsvakurudzi vakarondedzera nzira uye vanoti iyo mutsva inoita zvinonhuwira doro. Mumiririri akajeka weboka iri ndi phenol (hydroxybenzene). Mune chimiro chayo chakachena, ichi chinhu chekristini yakajeka ine unhu hunhu. Mumhepo, ruvara rwe phenol rinogona kuchinja, ruve ruvara kana rutsvuku. Iyo inonhuwira inonwiwa inoratidzirwa nehurombo husina kunaka mumvura inotonhorera uye yakanaka mumagetsi anogadzirwa. Iyo phenol inoputika pamusana wekupisa kwe 43 ° C. Icho chikamu chinotyisa, kana chava paganda chinokonzera kupisa kwakanyanya. Iyo inonhuhwirira chikamu chema molecule inomiririrwa ne-radical phenyl (C6H5-). Iyo oksijeni ye hydroxyl (-OH) inosungwa zvakananga kune imwe yemaatomu eakoni. Kuvapo kwechimwe nechimwe chezvikamu zvinoratidza kuti inofanirwa nehutano inopindirana ne phenol. Fomu inoratidza huwandu hwezvinhu zveatomu yemakemikari zviri mu molecule - C6H6O. Chimiro chacho chinoratidza maitiro ekugadzira anosanganisira maKele cycle uye boka rinoshanda - hydroxyl. Chiratidzo chekufananidzira kwema molecule ezvinonhuwira zvinodhaka zvinopiwa nehutanda tsvimbo.

Zviratidzo zvechimiro chema molecule

Kuwirirana kwebhuku reBenene neH OH boka rinogadzira kushandiswa kwemakemikari e phenol nemasimbi, halo, nezvimwe zvinhu. Kuvapo kweatomu ye okisijeni inosanganiswa nehupamhi hunotungamirira kugoverwa kwehuwandu hwe electron mu molecule. Sungano ye O-H inowedzera polar, iyo inoita kuti kuwedzere pakufamba kwehydrogen mu hydroxyl boka. Iproton inogona kushandiswa nematomu esimbi, izvo zvinoratidza acidity ye phenol. Uyewo, OH boka rinowedzera reactivity ye ringeni yeBenene. Kubviswa kwema electrons uye kukwanisa kushandiswa kwe electrophilic mumusikirwo wekuwedzera. Izvi zvinowedzera kufamba kwemaatomu ehydrojeni anokonzerwa necarboni munzvimbo dze ortho- uye para (2, 4, 6). Izvi zvinokonzerwa nekuvapo kwe-electron simba-donor - a hydroxyl group. Pamusana pekukanganisa kwayo, phenol inowedzera kushanda kupfuura benzene mumagadzirirwo nemamwe zvinhu, uye zvitsva zvinoshandiswa zvinotarirwa kune ortho- uye para nzvimbo.

Acidic properties

Muchikamu che hydroxyl chezvinonhuhwirira zvinodhaka, atomu yeokisijeni inowana mukana wakanaka, iyo inodzivirira chisungo chayo ne hydrogen. Kusunungurwa kweproton kunoshandiswa, saka phenol inoita seasia isina simba, asi ine simba kudarika doro. Kuzvibata kwakanaka kune phenol kunosanganisira kuongorora kwetmus, iyo inoshandura ruvara kubva mubhuruu kusvika kumupini pamberi pezvironi. Kuvapo kweatomu e-halogen kana mapoka e nitro akasungirirwa kumhete yeBenene kunoita kuti kuwedzera kwechiitiko cheHidgengen. Mhedziso inowanikwa mumamolekoro e nitro derivatives of phenol. Inoderedza asidi yevamwe vakatsiva seboka reamino uye alkyl (CH3-, C2H5- nezvimwe). Kuzvibatanidza zvinosanganisira ring ring benzene, boka re hydroxyl uye methyl radical muzvakagadzirwa, cresol inosanganiswa. Izvo zvakashata zvakanyanya kupfuura carbolic acid.

Kugadzikana kwe phenol ne sodium uye alkali

Kungofanana neAicids, phenol inopindirana nematare. Somuenzaniso, inogadzikana ne sodium: 2C6H5-OH + 2Na = 2C6H5-ONa + H2 ↑. Sodium phenolate yakaumbwa , uye gasijeni yegesi inosunungurwa. Phenol inogadzikana nezvigadziriswe. Ikoko kusarudzwa kwekusaita nehuwandu hwemunyu nemvura: C6H5-OH + NaOH = C6H5-ONa + H2O. Iko kukwanisa kupa hydrogen mu hydroxyl boka re phenol iri pasi kudarika yakawanda inorganic uye carboxylic acid. Inoparadzanisa kubva kumariti kunyange kuparara mumvura carbon dioxide (carbonic acid). Kuita kuenzanisa: C6H5-ONa + CO2 + H2O = C6H5-OH + NaHCO3.

Kugadzirisa kwekete yeBenene

Mafuta anonhuwira anokonzerwa nekusununguka kwema electron muBenene nucleus. Hydrogen kubva munhete inotsiviwa ne halogen maatomu, nitro boka. Izvozvo zvakaitwa mu phenol molecule zviri nyore kupfuura muBenene. Imwe muenzaniso ndeyekubvongodza. I halogen inoshandisa bhenene pamberi pekugadzirisa, bromobenzene inowanikwa. Phenol inopindirana ne bromine mvura pasi pemamiriro ezvinhu akadai. Somugumisiro wekubatana, mhepo yakachena ye2,4,6-tribromophenol inoumbwa, iyo inoita iyo inoita kuti zvikwanisike kusiyanisa chiedza chekuedza kubva pamakwenzi akafanana anonhuhwirira. Bromination inogadzirisa zvinoitwa ne phenol. Kuenzanisa: C6H5-OH + 3Br2 = C6H2Br3 + HBr. Yechipiri chigadzirwa chezvinoitwa i hydrogen bromide. Apo iyo phenol inopindirana nekuderedza nitric acid , zvinokonzera nitro zvinowanikwa. Izvo zvinokonzerwa nemiti yakagadzirwa ne concentric nitric acid - 2,4,6-trinitrophenol kana picric acid inokosha zvikuru inokosha.

Kuita kwakakodzera kune phenol. Rwendo rwe

Mukubatana kwezvinhu, zvimwe zviwanikwa zvinowanikwa, izvo zvinotibvumira kuti tive nekugadzirwa kwehutano hwezvinhu zvekutanga. Maitiro akawanda emararamiro anoratidza kuvepo kwezvikamu, mapoka ezvibasa, izvo zvakakonzerwa nekuongorora kemikemikari. Kugadzirisa kwakakodzera kune phenol kunoratidza kuvapo kwema molecule yezvinokonzerwa nekeri inonhuhwirira uye OH boka:

1. Mune phenol solution, bluu litmus rinoputika.
2. Kuchinja kwemavara kune phenols kunowanikwawo mune zvinyorwa zvisina simba zvealkaline ne diazonium salts. Majee ejena kana macorama azo dyes akaumbwa.
3. Inopindurwa ne bromine mvura yemavara akavaraidza, mhepo yakachena inonzi tribromophenol inooneka.
4. Somugumisiro wekuita nekugadziriswa kwegricoride chloride, simbi inonzi phenoxyide inowanikwa - chinhu chebhuruu, violet kana ruvara ruvara.

Kugadzirira kwe phenols

Kuitwa kwe phenol mumakambani kunoenda mumatanho maviri kana matatu. Mutsara wokutanga, cumene (zita shomanana re isopropylbenzene) rinowanikwa kubva kupropylene neBenene muhupo hwealuminium chloride . Friedel-Crafts equation yekuita: C6H5-OH + C3H6 = C9H12 (cumene). Benzene uye propylene mu 3: 1 chiyero chakapfuura pamusoro pekugadzirisa asidi. Inowedzera, panzvimbo yezvakagadzirwa chetsika-aluminium chloride - zeroolite dzine ushamwari dzakasvibira dzinoshandiswa. Pakupedzisira, oxygenation muhupo hwe sulfuric acid inoitwa: C6H5-C3H7 + O2 = C6H5-OH + C3H6O. Phenols inogona kuwanikwa kubva mumarasha nekudzvanyiriridza, inopindirana mukugadzirwa kwemamwe zvinhu zvakasikwa.

Kushandisa phenols

Inonhuhwirira inodhaka inowanzoshandiswa pakugadzira plastiki, dyes, pesticidhe nezvimwe zvinhu. Kugadzirwa kwecarbolic acid kubva kuBenene ndiyo danho rokutanga mukugadzirwa kwemapurimi akawanda, kusanganisira polycarbonates. Phenol inogadzikana ne formaldehyde, phenol-formaldehyde resins inowanikwa.

Cyclohexanol inoshandiswa semafuta ekugadzira polyamides. Phenols inoshandiswa seanoriseptics uye zvinoshandisa mafiritsi mune zvidhakwa, maitiro. Yakashandiswa kubudisa phenacetin, salicylic acid nemimwe mishonga. Phenols inoshandiswa mukugadzirwa kwemarara, anoshandiswa mumagetsi emagetsi (switches, sockets). Iyo inoshandiswawo mukugadzirira kweza dyes, semuenzaniso phenylamine (aniline). Picric acid, iyo inonzi nitro derivative ye phenol, inoshandiswa pakucheka micheka, ichiita mabhomba.