Nitric asidhi

Strong monobasic acid, riri mureza ezvinhu Hauoneki mvura iyo anotendeuka yero panguva okuchengetera vangava yakasimba ezvinhu, inozivikanwa vaviri crystalline okunatsiridza (monoclinic kana orthorhombic yekamuri) pa kutonhora pazasi kubvisa 41,6 ° C. Izvi chete makemikari payakavakirwa - HNO3 - nitric asidhi anonzi. It ane matadza guru 63,0 g / Chidembo, apo ayo arambe achirema unoenderana 1,51 g / cm³. iine acid reflux tembiricha aiva 82,6 ° C, iri aine manyowa of (kukwana): 4HNO3 → 2H2O + 4NO2 + O2. iine acid mhinduro ine gobvu chikamu chikuru zvacho 68% mamota panguva tembiricha kuti 121 ° C. The refractive Indekisi yakachena fuma anoenderana 1,397. Acid inogona yakavhenganiswa nemvura chero reshiyo uye ari simba electrolyte, akapotsa dziparare zvachose kupinda ions H + uye NO3-. Solid chimiro - trihydrate uye monohydrate ane nzira: HNO3 • 3H2O uye HNO3 • H2O azvaitwa.

Nitric asidhi - ngura vanoshingaira, chepfu fuma, uye simba oxidizing mumiririri. Kubva Middle Ages wakaziva kuti zita, se "simba mvura» (Aqua fortis). Masayendisiti akawana asidhi muzana remakore rechi13, akapa zita kuti chokwadi ehupfumi anoshamisa (ngura nesimbi zvose kunze goridhe), mukuru miriyoni nguva simba acetic acid, izvo pamazuva iwayo kwainzi kupfuura basa. Asi kunyange pashure matatu emakore zvave kuwanikwa kuti zvinoparadza, kunyange ndarama kunogona kuva musanganiswa acids akadai nitric uye hydrochloric une ruzha nhamba 1: 3, iro nokuda kwechikonzero ichi kunzi "aqua regia". The pakuonekwa yero ruvara panguva okuchengetera imhaka kuunganidza senitrogen oxides mairi. Available asidhi pamwe wevasungwa kakawanda 68%, uye kana zviri muzasi zvinhu pamusoro 89% inonzi "fuming".

Makemikari ehupfumi pamusoro nitric acid, kusiyanisa kubva sanganisa sulfuric kana hydrochloric asidhi kuti HNO3 oxidant akasimba saka haana kubudiswa rehydrogen mu siyana pamwe simbi. Nokuda oxidative ehupfumi, uyewo zvaanoita yakawanda vasiri simbi. Uye pose nguva dzose kuumbwa senitrogen yakasviba NO2. In redox kuita, munhu senitrogen kupora kunoitika kune kunosiyana madhigirii: HNO3, NO2, N2O3, KWETE, N2O, N2, NH3, zvakatemwa nokuda iine acid wevasungwa uye basa simbi. The mamorekuru of yeimwe akaumba rine senitrogen mu oxidation mamiriro +5, +4, +3, +2, +1, 0, +3, ukuwo. Somuenzaniso, mhangura oxidized pamwe kuramba asidhi kuti mhangura nitrate (II): cú + 4HNO3 → 2NO2 + Cũ (NO3) 2 + 2H2O, uye phosphorus - kuti metaphosphoric asidhi: P + 5HNO3 → 5NO2 + HPO3 + 2H2O.

Zvikasadaro interacts pamwe sanganisa nitric asidhi nonmetals. In muenzaniso zvakaitwa pamwe phosphorus: 3P + 5HNO3 + 2H2O → 3H3PO4 + 5NO aona kuti senitrogen ipfupi kuti divalent wehurumende. Zvinoguma nitric oxide uye phosphorus iri oxidized kuti asidhi phosphate. Nekutsvaga nitric asidhi mu admixture pamwe hydrochloric asidhi urwa ndarama: Au + 4HCl + HNO3 → NO + H [AuCl4] + 2H2O uye Platinum: 3Pt + 18HCl + 4HNO3 → 4NO + 3H2 [PtCl6] + 8H2O. Pakutanga, In wanda izvi, hydrochloric asidhi iri oxidized pamwe nitric kuiisa chlorine kusunungurwa, uye ipapo kuumba kunzwisisa simbi chlorides.

Nitric asidhi iri zvine kutengeswa kuwana mu huru nenzira nhatu:

1. Origin - kuita kuti munyu pamwe sulfuric asidhi: H2SO4 + NaNO3 → HNO3 + NaHSO4. Kare, raiva chete nzira, asi pamwe veMubatanidzwa vamwe ruzivo, zvinonzi pari kushandiswa murabhoritari kubereka fuming acid.
2. Chechipiri - ndiwo nzira chinhu chakakombama. Kana mhepo pamusoro wemagetsi chinhu chakakombama ane tembiricha kuti 3000 kusvika 3500 ° C, chikamu senitrogen mudenga ikasakendenga pamwe okisijeni, achiumba senitrogen monoxide: N2 + O2 → 2NO, iyo pashure kutonhora zviri oxidized kuti senitrogen yakasviba (hakurevi sei pane mukuru tembiricha monoxide pamwe okisijeni) : O2 + 2NO → 2NO2. Zvadaro, kushanda rose senitrogen dioxide, panguva imwe nekumwisa okisijeni, zvazvichanyungudutswa mvura: 2H2O + 4NO2 + O2 → 4HNO3.
3. Third - uyu amoniya nzira. Amoniya iri oxidized pamusoro Platinum anowedzera kuti senitrogen monoxide: 4NH3 + 5O2 → 4NO + 6H2O. The zvichiguma nitrous magasi vari dzaserera, uye kuumbwa senitrogen dioxide, izvo wefodya nemvura. By nzira iyi, iyo asidhi ane wevasungwa 60 kusvika 62%.

Nitric asidhi zvinowanzodavirwa kushandiswa indasitiri kugadzira mishonga, madhayi, zvinoputika, nitric fetiraiza uye nitric asidhi munyu. Uyezve, zviri kushandiswa pokufa nesimbi (semuenzaniso, mhangura, kutungamirira, sirivha) usingabereki sei nevamwe acids. The chishongo rakashandiswa kutsunga chendarama chiwanikwa (ndiyo nzira huru).