Marudzi Sea munhoroondo yeIjipiti yekare

Shoko rokuti "marudzi gungwa" akazviratidza mutauro reIjipiti yekare muna XIV remakore. BC. e. Saka vagere murwizi akadana vatorwa vaigara kumadokero kweAsia Minor uye muBalkans. Yaiva Teucer, sherden, shekelesh vaFirisitia. Dzimwe nyanzvi dzemazuva ano kuzviziva pamwe nevaGiriki. Peoples yegungwa, vakanzi nokuti kuti pakati pavo nevaIjipiti waiva Gungwa reMediterranean. Izwi rakadzorerwa uye muhombodo ano mutauro musayenzi musayendisiti French Gaston Maspero.

Nokukuvadzwa yendarira Age

Muna XII remakore BC. e. paiva anonzi nokukuvadzwa yendarira Age. Vanhu vakawanda vekare dzakaparara. Kare, akaramba Mycenaean tsika, muzinda maiva reAegean. Ungaderedza kuverenga, pava nani akwegura dzaishandiswa pakutengeserana. In ezvinhu aya, gungwa vanhu vatamira kumaodzanyemba uye vakatanga kuti vavatore nengozi kuIjipiti.

Horde, uyo akasiya kwakakwidibira rwokumusoro, husingatongozoparadzwi zvose vakauya nenzira yavo. UKURU uye upfumi mumaguta ekare akakwezva evapambi uye vaGiriki. The hurongwa chikatsiviwa nyonganyonga, muurombo uye urombo akasvika kunzvimbo zhinji. Total chinovira anokonzerwa vaitamira mafungu kwakakonzera kuti aizivikanwa Trojan hondo. zviitiko Its vachiri kuzivikanwa polumifologicheskim uye hafu-chaizvoizvo tsime. Kana, somuenzaniso, vanhu Sea reBaltic nevamwe vagari yaimbova Europe, isu dzinenge vasingazivikanwi, vaIjipiti uye nevavakidzani vavo muMediterranean, tinogona nokungoona vapfumi nhoroondo zvinhu.

tinosvika vatorwa

Zvinouraya akarova akanga aitira gungwa vanhu muHiti umambo hwaiva muna Anatolia. Chinhu chokutanga chakaitwa vatsva - vakatema kuchamhembe-yokumadokero dzaishandiswa pakutengeserana. Vakabvisa pasi reAegean kurutivi rwezasi achitevedza Mediterranean pamhenderekedzo. Munzira, nayo yakabviswa mumwe umambo yekare, refu feuded pamwe navaHiti - Arzawa. Its guru aivapo kuEfeso. Ipapo neKirikia ndokuwa. Egypt akanga ava pedyo. Gurusvusvu vatorwa vakasvika panzvimbo gungwa. vanhu vashoma vakapona nechisimba Cyprus. Pashure pacho yamira pachitsuwa dzokubudisa yemhangura esimbi. Nokukuvadzwa yendarira Age zvavo yakanga dzinoratidzwa kuparadzwa upi kwezvivako. Zvimwezvo zvakaitika Northern Siriya - zvakanzi yaparadzwa.

Pashure kuti intersected nomumwe inokosha zvoupfumi tsinga pavaHeti. guta ravo yekare Hattusa, simba kuzviparadzanisa nevamwe, asingagoni dzinga kurwisa wandei ubiquitous Sea Peoples. Nokukurumidza guta chakatsva pasi. matongo ayo, vanochera matongo vakawana chete pakutanga pamusoro XX remakore. Kusvikira iyoyo, kamwe raibudirira guta kwemazana emakore yave kukanganwika.

Empire muHiti akanga aitungamirira simba kuMiddle East kwemakore 250. Iye akarwa refu uye nesimba Egipita. Rimwe nedzenyu zvibvumirwano pakati penyika mbiri akava mukuru akawaneiko gwaro iri mhando munhoroondo yevanhu. Zvisinei, kana simba kana simba avaHiti vakanga vasingakwanisi vanoshora munhu vaGiriki USINGAZIKAMWI.

Zvichakadaro muIjipiti

Makore mashomanana pashure Trojan Hondo uye kuwa muHiti simba kwezana XIII-XII emakore. BC. e. VaEgipita kutanga kusangana pamwe muvengi wake mutsva, vaiva vanhu egungwa. Ndavapiko vanhu Valley rwaNire? Sazivikanwa mapoka. VaEgipita achirwara-pamuviri vatorwa.

Apo Farao paRamesesi III. Vanotsvakurudza funga izvozvo mutongi wokupedzisira guru muEgipita youmambo yaitonga pamberi pakasvika mauto Aleksandra Makedonskogo uye Hellenization venyika. DzaRamses aiva maviri hwedzinza. Ndizvo zvakangofanana sezvo nemisere uye nemipfumbamwe, akasangana ayo apogee uye kuderera. Kuti mutsetse XIII-XII emakore. BC. e. I yakarova ichatonga zvine mbiri yayo. PaRamesesi ushe akatanga muna vanenge 1185 BC. e. The chikuru Chiitiko kwake kwaiva nechisimba Sea Peoples.

Munguva yose Kare, Egypt kwainzi ndaviga chinangwa chero zvisingaiti. nyika iyi vakaedza kukunda Persian Cambyses, muAsiria naAshurbhanipari, Aleksandr Makedonsky, Roman rePompeii. Gare gare pakanga asvika hweOttoman Selim uye wokuFrance Napoleon. Raputika muIjipiti uye negungwa avanhu. The Bronze Age kuuya kupera, uye vasati kutamira kune dare Mediterranean aifanira kuenda kuburikidza akawanda yenyonganyonga. The hondo kuchamhembe vaeni veIjipiti, customized anokunda kudzikama, aiva mumwe wavo.

uchapupu hondo

Ancient History yeGungwa Peoples akatizivisa kunokwana vakawanda mifananidzo dombo-akavezwa uye nhoroondo magwaro, akachengetedzwa kuti XX remakore mumatemberi veIjipiti uye pamakuva, vakati deciphered mumatongo ano uye nyanzvi dzemitauro. Zvinyorwa izvi vanotiudza pamusoro hondo huru uye yokupedzisira kukunda dzaRamses III. Asi uchapupu kudeurwa kweropa kuMiddle East kana muGirisi akapotsa haana kurarama. Data zvisina kunanga chete, masayendisiti vakagumisa kuti vanhu mugungwa, kwete chete vakaparadza Mycenaean tsika, asiwo muHiti umambo, uyewo humwe umambo diki dzakawanda.

Chinonyanya chinoshamisa ndechokuti ikoko, apo akapedza achidzungaira vakundi, upenyu kana zvose akanyangarika. Somuenzaniso, Greece uye Krete, hapana mashoko ari kumwedzi kwemakore 1200-750. BC. e. Mushure mokuparara Troy, nhoroondo yenyika ino akabviswa zvose uchapupu emakore akawanda. Vezvenhau achiati "rima mazera." Iyi yakanga danho achichinja kubva kare kusvika dzekare, kana Hellas akapinda pamusoro-soro kwaro tsika uye enyika.

The kukunda vaEgipita

Pakurwisa northerners Ijipiti kwaikosha, kwete chete hondo asi vanhu zvikepe mugungwa. The Army vakundi misasa Acre. Zvikepe aifanira musoro Nile Delta. DzaRamses uyewo kugadzirira hondo. Akasimbisa kumiganhu okumabvazuva, kwaakandovaka nhamba nhare matsva. Egyptian rengarava zvaizoparadzirwa muna North Harbor ndokumirira kuti muvengi. Pamuromo murwizi akavaka "shongwe" - kujairika youinjiniya zvivako, yakafanana izvo kumboona yekare yaitonga.

marudzi gungwa wakarovererwa ayo rengarava tariro. Pakutanga vakanga varonga kuti zvikepe chichaitwa musi Pelusianskomu muromo. Zvisinei, achiona inaccessibility kwayo, vanopinda nechisimba vakaenda mhiri. chinangwa chavo chikuru vakasarudza mumwe Mendusskoe muromo. Court dzakapasanura napakati muIjipiti chipingamupinyi. Aburuka mauto zviuru zvitatu akakunda yemauto iri murwizi Delta. Nokukurumidza kwakaonekwa nenguva reIjipiti vamabhiza. Ini apinda muhondo inopisa.

Nechisimba Gungwa Peoples kuIjipiti anoratidzwa mune dzakawanda reliefs nguva dzaRamses III. Vanopikisa vaEgipita mugungwa hondo vanoratidzwa pavo Coronaform tiaras uye nyanga nengowani. Mumwe reliefs rinoratidza sei ari mudungwe wemabhazi mauto Sea Peoples vaiva ngoro izere nevarongo. Vakadzi vari chaizvo mhanza kuva mukati merima hondo. Mumufananidzo, ivo maoko avo, nyengeterera tsitsi, uye mumwe wevasikana kunyange akaedza kutiza, asi inowa.

Akatora nhare rokutanga, vanopinda nechisimba vakatadza kuvaka pamusoro kubudirira kwavo. chero kusawirirana pakati vatungamiriri dzavo nzira. Vamwe vaida kuenda Memphis, nepo vamwe vakamirira vavabatsire. Zvichakadaro dzaRamses haana kurasikirwa nguva uye miganhu kumabvazuva vakatamira gamha muvengi. Iye wakakwidzwa nevanoshora uye akazvimedura. Vatorwa kubva mhanza uyewo pakuti vakabata nhare pamahombekombe aNairi pamusoro avaida yemafashame. Nokuda chehurongwa nemishonga uye nyonganyonga iri yavo pamisara marudzi akatambura gungwa kukundwa. Dzokurwa zvombo kwete achabatsira pavo. DzaRamses III akasimbisa mamiriro ayo ave mambo mukuru uye nechivimbo akatonga nyika kusvikira pakuguma kwoupenyu.

Chokwadi, chakavanzika northerners havana anyangarika. Kukwanisa kukurira kumuganhu muEgipita, vakagara muParestina. Vamwe vavo vakabatana vaRibhia, vaigara kumadokero kunyika vanaFarao. vavakidzani ava adventurers Sea Peoples uye Ijipiti zvakashatirisa. Makore mashomanana pashure pakurwa Delta, vakaritora Hacho Fortress. DzaRamses uye nguva ino akatungamirira uto kuratidza inotevera nechisimba. VaRibhia dzavo nevatsigiri - vaibva kumarudzi yegungwa - vakakundwa uye vakarasika vari vakauraya zvuru zviviri vanhu.

Version vavaGiriki

Kudzidza Poor nhoroondo dzavanhu regungwa achiri chinokwezva vatsvakurudzi uye vanyori venhau dzakaitika. Yaiva yakaoma conglomeration vemadzinza aro chaiyo Zvinoumba mberi gakava uye nokukurukura. Bhanabhasi-reliefs muEgipita, zvinoratidza vatorwa izvi vari mochari mutemberi dzaRamses III. Akadana Medinet Habu. Invaders ari vanodhirowa ake anotarira chaizvo rakafanana nevaGiriki. Kune akawanda nharo vachida kukokwa vakokwa vakanga vachiedza kuputsa kuIjipiti, vaiva vaGiriki. Somuenzaniso, dzaRamses pachake akavadana kwete chete kune vanhu mugungwa, asi vanhu zvitsuwa. Izvi zvingaratidza kuti vanopinda nechisimba vakaenda nechikepe reAegean zvitsuwa, Crete kana Cyprus.

Against wechiGiriki shanduro vachifarira kuti vanhu vaigara pakati makungwa maviri, vaIjipiti kuratidzwa beardless. Izvi zvinopesana dzakaitika zivo pamusoro nevaGiriki. Varume Greek richireba ndebvu kusvikira IV. BC. e. Izvi zvinoratidzwa kusanganisira mifananidzo Mycenaean tumabhodhoro netumidziyo kuti kumwedzi.

Shekelesh

Dzidziso vaGiriki muuto dzavanhu pagungwa dzichipesana. Asi pane madzinza umo vanyori vose vanotenda. Mumwe wavo - shekelesh. rudzi urwu chinorondedzerwa nenzira dzakasiyana-siyana muIjipiti yekare anopa New Kingdom. Kutaurwa iwo zvakadaro nzvimbo inokosha akafanana mutemberi Karnak uye Athribis. Kokutanga, Graffiti izvi akazviratidza mugadzi dzaRamses III, raMerneptah, aitonga 1213-1203 gg. BC. e.

Shekelesh vaiva vatsigiri machinda Libyan. On muEgipita Bhanabhasi-reliefs zvavari vanotaurwa muna anoshongwa mapfumo, neminondo, mapfumo uye kumativi nenhovo. Shekelesh nechikepe kuIjipiti nechikepe nemifananidzo misoro shiri iri shure uta uye. In XI mu. BC. e. ivo, pamwe navaFirisitia vakagara muPalestine. Shekelesh vanotaurwa "Rwendo Una-yaAmun" - hieratic enhokwe XXI imba. Zvino, kwebhokisi iri ndohwaJehovha Moscow Museum of Arts Akanaka ainzi pashure Pushkin. Shekelesh aivhima piracy. MuPalestine, vakatora Karmalskoye Coast - nhete romumhenderekedzo yegungwa ubvise pakati peKarimeri gomo siyana uye Gungwa reMediterranean, uyewo mubani Sharon.

sherden

Sherden - chinokosha chikamu conglomerate, izvo akaumba Peoples Sea. Ndivanaani? Sezvo shekelesh, vakwasvi izvi zvakanga anotyisa Pirates. Vazhinji dzekare nehanya navo sezvo madzitateguru Sardinians ano. Mune imwe shanduro iyi gungwa vanhu vakanga raakashandisa Dardania - the Trojans uye rose kumusoro-yokumadokero Anatolia.

Capital sherdanov kukurukurwa Ahvat Palestinian guta, iro, pakati pezvimwe zvinhu, ambotaurwa "Mubhuku raVatongi". mashoko wokutanga pamusoro pavo ndezvaJehovha nedzenyu nevhu mahwendefa enzvimbo inokosha Egyptologists Tel El nemuAmarna arşive. Vanhu vanogara pakati makungwa maviri, ataurwa rumbabvu-waShearitieri - mubati weguta Byblos.

Sherden nekusimba pachavo kwete chete sezvo Pirates, asi uyewo yakavimbika varwi. Vakatanga kuonekwa muuto reIjipiti munguva XVIII hwedzinza. DzaRamses II akakunda vatorwa izvi, pashure vakatanga kuuya kuzopindazve basa vanaFarao. Varwi vaya vakarwa takabatana vaIjipiti munguva kwavakazoita rutsigiro rwemauto muPalestine uye Siria. Apo dzaRamses III sherden vaiva "paradzanisa". Munguva anokosha hondo vaIjipiti pamusoro Sea Peoples pavo akarwa kurutivi Farao chikamu - pamusoro pake. Classic bakatwa sherdansky - refu uye kururamiswa. Vagari Valley rwizi akashandisa nejeko serin'i mashizha.

Teucer

In Troy yekare vakararama kwete chete Dardano uye sherden. Vavakidzani vavo vaiva Teucer - mumwe gungwa rudzi. Vakanga vasiri vaGiriki, kunyange kuziva mutauro wechiGiriki ivo. Teucer, kufanana nemamwe marudzi kwegungwa munhoroondo muIjipiti, havana kuva pakati Indo-European boka marudzi, gare gare kuti kugara hukuru nzvimbo muMediterranean. Kunyange zvinozivikanwa chaizvo, uwane ethnogenesis haina elucidated.

Maererano nerimwe shanduro unconfirmed, Teucer raakashandisa rakangofanana Etruscans kuItaly (zvinofadza kuti vanyori vekare vaidavira waiva musha wemadzitateguru Etruscans Asia Minor). Chimwe dzidziso chinobatanidza pamwe Teucer misiytsami. The guru worudzi raiva guta Dhori, iri Palestine, paMhenderekedzo yeMediterranean mune Israeri zvino. For XII remakore BC. e. Teucer yakatanga kugarwa duku iri kupfuura uye yakapfuma pachiteshi. The guta rakaparadzwa vokuFenikiya. We chete kuziva chete zita Teucer mutongi. Yakanga Beder. Information zvirimowo dzose chete "Rwendo Una-Amoni."

vaFirisitia

Nezvekwakabva vavaFirisitia chaizvo kuzivikanwa. Musha wemadzitateguru gungwa iyi vanhu, vakagara muParestina, pamwe Greece kana Western Malaya Aziya. Mubhaibheri chinonzi cheKrete. Mutemberi dzaRamses III avaFirisitia vanoratidzwa vari reAegean zvipfeko nenguwani akashongedzwa minhenga. Similar vanodhirowa Late Bronze Age zvakawanikwa kuKupro. Ngoro avaFirisitia havana dzinounzwa chinhu kunoshamisa, asi zvikepe zvakasiyana kujairika chimiro. Unique vakanga zvakawanda uye Ceramics, uyewo anthropoid sarcophagi.

MuchiHebheru vavaFirisitia zvisingazivikanwi kuti dzakaitika. Nokusvika muIsraeri the Peoples Sea vakagamuchira bazi remutauro yeKenani (kumadokero chikamu Fertile Crescent). Kunyange muFirisitia mwari yakaramba yaMakoronike pasi mazita oukuru.

Anenge marudzi egungwa munhoroondo yeIjipiti yekare vakaramba havaratidzi kunzwisisa nokuda kusava zvinyorwa. Anosiiwa mutemo uyu ndiwo vaFiristia. Chekutanga, ivo zvakasiyana multiplicity kuitira kuti munguva dzekare wakafananidzwa marudzi maduku anoverengeka. Chechipiri, vaFirisitia zvizhinji uchapupu (Bhaibheri anomira kubuda). Havana kuva munhu centralized mamiriro. Asi, Palestine dziripo 5 maguta mitemo. Vose (Ashidhodhi, Ashikeroni, Gaza, Gati) kunze Ekironi, vakanga akakundwa nevaFiristia. Izvi runoratidzwa matongo akaturikidzana kuti murege kuva netsika yavo. Mitemo dzinotungamirirwa nevakuru, ndiye vokuSoviet. Biblical David akunde vaFiristia hwogumisa murayiro uyu.

Vanhu vanogara pagungwa, zvishoma nezvishoma anyangarika. Kunyange vaEgipita akapinda panguva kurasikirwa kwenguva yakareba pashure dzaRamses III rufu. VaFirisitia, nekusiyana, akaramba achigara kubudirira uye tigutsikane. Sezvataurwa pamusoro apa, pashure njodzi yendarira Age vanhu zvishoma nezvishoma nyanzvi simbi. VaFirisitia maiita mumwe yokutanga. Nhaka yakasiyana ruzivo uye zvakavanzika kuvanatsa simbi nemapanga, minondo, majeko uye kurima zvinhu akavaita kwenguva refu, invulnerable vavengi rakabayirwa Bronze Age. veuto kwevanhu chaiva marangwanda matatu: rinorema inifanduri, uta uye ngoro.

Pakutanga, tsika yavaFirisitia akapfeka vashoma Mycenaean miitiro, sezvo ivo vakaramba akatsiga nevanhu Greece. Chiedza, ukama ichi kunogona kurondwa kusvikira zvedongo manyorerwo. Sungano anotanga ipere pashure anenge 1150 BC. e. Ndipo apo vaFiristia Ceramics anova wekutanga non-Mycenaean tsika zvinhu. VaFirisitia zvokunwa raiva doro. In kupikidura vanochera matongo vakawana maitiro zvirongo zhinji, iyo inoratidza kuti dzinobvisa pamateko yebhari. Makore 200 mushure Resettlement kuPalestine vaFiristia zvakakwana havataurirani echiGiriki kare. Patsika dzavo kumera zvikuru vemo vekuIjipiti uye oukuru zvinhu.

End of Sea Peoples

Pashure pokukundwa pakurwisa dzaRamses III Sea Peoples vakagara kuPalestine uye zvachose yakakunda yokumaodzanyemba yeKenani. In pakati XII remakore. BC. e. Vakanga yakakunda maguta makuru Rakishi, neMegidho, neGezeri, Bheteri. Aidzorwa vaFirisitia vakasvika Jorodhani Valley uye Lower reGarirea. City kutanga kuparadzwa uye vakavakazve yazvo nenzira - saka zvaiva nyore kumisa simba panzvimbo itsva.

In XI remakore BC. e. Firisitia yakava inokosha muzinda veAshidhodhi. Akanga nguva kuwedzerwa uye kusimbiswa. Trade neIjipiti uye nevamwe vavakidzani vakauya purofiti yakakura. VaFiristia vakakwanisa kuwana nzvimbo iri rakavakwa inokosha nharaunda, uko dzakasiyana-siyana mushambadzi nzira. PaAshidhodhi akazviratidza Tel Mor - nhare pakavakirwa chiteshi kwakawedzera.

The chikuru mupikisi vavaFirisitia, asi vaEgipita, vaiva vaJudha. kunetsana kwavo rwakatora emakore akawanda. Muna 1066 BC. e. Kurwa kwakaitika pedo neEbheniezeri, munguva vaFirisitia vakatora areka yesungano (chikuru kakasaririra vaIsraeri). The kwebhokisi akakurudzirwa kuti maDhagoni. mwari uyu kugungwa vanhu vanotaurwa muna muchimiro poluryba-polucheloveka (nayo sevasingafungi zvokurima uye Fisheries). The Chiitiko yakabudisa Areka muBhaibheri. Zvinonzi akaudza kuti vaFiristia vairangwa naMwari nokuda misdeed ake. Munyika yavo yakatanga inoshamisa chirwere - vanhu akafukidzwa maronda. On zano vapristi gungwa vanhu ndikabvisa Areka. Panguva imwe kunetsana navaIsiraeri 770 BC. e. RaAzaria mambo waJudha akazivisa navaFirisitia. Akatora kurwisa Ashidhodhi, uye akaparadza masvingo aro.

VaFiristia zvishoma akarasika ndima, asi vakaramba tsika dzavo uye nokuzivikanwa. Chakaipa kupfuura kuparadza rudzi urwu akarohwa nevaAsiriya, vakabata Palestine muna VII. BC. e. Pakupedzisira, iye akanyangarika mumazuva Aleksandra Makedonskogo. Ichi chikuru mukuru akakunda kwete chete Palestine asi Ijipiti. Somugumisiro, vagari Valley Nile uye Gungwa Peoples kunge inini nouchapupu Hellenization uye akarasikirwa ayo akasiyana National miitiro, zvakange yaingowanikwa kwavari muhondo dostopomyatnoy dzaRamses III pamwe kuchamhembe vatorwa.