Mongol-Tatar kubvuta

In yokutanga yezana XIII remakore muAsia uye Europe wawa mumwe nechisimba muArabhu. The eMongolia akakunda imwe nyika pashure perimwe. Vakakurumidza vakasvika kumuganhu Russia.

Zvakangotanga akatanga muna 1206, apo Mongol kwamachinda akasarudzwa mutongi Genghis Khan. Panguva iyoyo akanga atova nomukurumbira kwazvo pakati eMongolia, uye navamwe pamusoro laurels edu haasi kuenda. mutongi The mutsva vakabatana pasi hwake madzinza akawanda, kusanganisira mumwe kupfuura vaiva Tatars. Ndokusaka hasha danidziro Genghis Khan, uye gare gare muzukuru wake Batu inonzi Mongol-wechiTatar nechisimba.

By 1223 ari muArabhu yakakunda China, Central Asia uye Transcaucasia. Paakasvika Azov steppes, ivo eMongolia vakapinda kunetsana pamwe Polovtsy wainzi achitsigira machinda Russian. In May 1223 mauto zvikabatanidzwa akasangana muvengi pamusoro ari Kalka River. Rusichi akatambura aiparadza kukundwa: Maererano venhoroondo, wakasara chete gumi. Inoenda Kiev uye mamwe maguta akazarurwa. Asi zvino pamwechete rwemberi eMongolia akakunda Volga Bulgars. Vaneta nokuda refu kutevedzana muArabhu vakasarudza kusungirira kurwa mutsva uye akaenda kumba. Tatar kubvuta akanga vambomira.

Hike kuRussia uye nemigumisiro yayo

Muna 1227, Genghis Khan akafa. Akanga anotsiviwa nomwanakomana wake Ogedei, izvo nokukurumidza akatanga kufunga zvitsva danidziro. Muna 1235, panguva inotevera Kurultai (Congress kwamachinda) akasarudza kuenda kumadokero. Winter 1237 Mongol mapoka vaitova panguva kumuganhu Ryazan weutungamiriri. Muzukuru Genghis Khan Batu, uyo akatungamirira mushandirapamwe, vakakumbira mutero kumachinda Ryazan. Vakaramba uye vakatanga kugadzirira hondo. Mauto akanga dzisakarurama, uye eMongolia vakakunda. Papera 6-zuva kukombwa yaaigara Ryazan, Ryazan asi ivo refu akaramba vanopinda nechisimba, achitungamirira boka remagandanga hondo.

Between machinda Russian pakanga pasina kubatana. Kunyange chiso muvengi, havana kukwanisa kusika vamwe mubatanidzwa. Izvi zvakaita kuti vakunde ari eMongolia, izvo zvakasiyana kuranga simbi. A rinokosha muchinangwa uye kukombwa mitoo akakweretwa kubva Chinese. Mumakore 1237-1238 of Mongol-wechiTatar kubvuta kuri kuwedzera. Rwakavhunika vakatora Vladimir-Suzdal kweutongi, ipapo vakundi vakadzokera kumaodzanyemba. Pano naivowo vaifanira kushanda nesimba. Chete kamwe kataundi Kozelsk haana wobva muvengi kwevhiki 7. Gore iroro, asi eMongolia vakarwisa Polovtsian Khan, uyo akamanikidzwa shure kuHungary.

Muna 1239, ivo muArabhu vakanonga rwezasi-nechokumadokero zvemisoro Russian. Iye vakakundwa Pereyaslav uye Chernigov. Uyai Kiev kusvikira eMongolia havana kuzoshinga, asi pachinzvimbo akarwisa muCrimea. Papera chete pagore, muArabhu vakaenda mutsva mushandirapamwe, nguva ino guru Russia. Muna November 1240 kuti Mongol mauto vaitova pasi masvingo Kiev. The okukomba rakatanga. Kuita kukanganisa ari masvingo vachishandisa michina yokukomba, ivo eMongolia vakapinda muguta. Kiev ndokubatwa.

kubvuta chinozunguzirwa akakungurusa kumavirira, achikusiyirai pomoto. Vagura Galicia uye Volyn, asi eMongolia mberi. MuArabhu akakwanisa kukunda Poland uye Hungary. madzimambo European vaiva kunyonganiswa. Akati asvika Italy, Mongolia akasarudza kudzoka. Simba mamwe hikes vakanga vasina, mukuwedzera, muna December 1241, Khan akafa Ogedei. Naizvozvo Batu kuRussia.

Mongol-Tatar kubvuta uye nemigumisiro yayo nokuda Russian nyika yakava kurohwa zvakasimba. kuparadzwa wandisa, kuderera wezvokutengeserana uye rwokugadzira kare vakaramba Russia. Machinda vakava vatongi vari pasi Yechinwiwa Horde khans uye vaisungirwa kubhadhara mutero navo uye kubatsira vari danidziro. Pasina Khan kwakaita chitaridzi (kuverenga uye kunyora), hakuna kugona kudzora kwavabati ake. Maererano nevanyori venhau dzakaitika, zvakazokonzerwa Mongol-wechiTatar kupindirwa kuna Rus vaiva kudzika chete kuparadza uye kurasikirwa noupenyu hwevanhu. chiitiko ichi zvakachinja nzira pakukura zvokutora chikamu chenyika Russian, yakanga zvino zvikuru Asian kupfuura European. kuparadzwa mumadhorobha vakashaisa basa madhorobha nevanhu munyika hwomunhu uye zvakaguma yakareba ndichengetedze serfdom, pane muEurope. Not yakanaka mamiriro ezvinhu mune zvokurima, iyo vagara dzinongoitika.