Neoclassicism mu akitekicha: zvivako akakurumbira uye ezvivako

Dzokerai canons yekare uri zvakaitika kakawanda. Too yakanaka uye rinopindirana vaivaka, chivezwa, kupendwa pamusoro dzekare kumwedzi. Zvikuru nguva refu munhoroondo Ndimi inonzi neoclassicism nokuda kumutsidzirwa yekare canons yakaisvonaka uye kuchinja kwavo pasi pokudzora kwomudzimu ano. Neoclassicism mu akitekicha anoshanda zvishoma zvakasiyana munyika dzakasiyana European. Kufarira kududzirwa chaiwo zvinotaurwa ezvivako Russian akaratidza.

idiosyncrasy

basa rake guru mune chiNazi dzekare mapurani akaona huchadzokerazve midzi European tsika. Kutanga matongo Zvakafukunurwa muGreece uye Italy ari XVII remakore kwakaita kufarira pakati ezvivako kuti mirawu ezvivako yekare. Izvi zvakaita kuti chitarisiko zvidavado, rinonzi classicism, izvo anovandudza uye zvishoma nezvishoma kuva neoclassicism. Its chikuru chepfungwa ndiko kubatana kwetsika nomukadzi kwakasara. kuno- izvi zviviri pamberi vaikwikwidzana nemumwe, asi pakupedzisira rwawana zvavaibvumirana.

Non-chekare zvivako kupfuura zvakanaka, nyasha uye directness tichienzanisa Classics. Ndichakubvunzaiwo neoclassicism ndiko ngwariro chaiyo kuchengetwa kukura, kuda monumentality, kunyange pomposity. Architects kwete chete kutevedzerwa wekare hurongwa murayiro, asi tinowanzozvienzanisa manotsi itsva. Somuenzaniso, muIjipiti kana Etruscan. Wokugadzira kunoratidzwa kuzvidzora uye kunyange nehasha. Zvinoshamisa, pamwero mukuru zvivakwa pamwe Greek zvinhu - kuti anodzivisa chiNazi dzekare maitiro zvivakwa.

Periodization kuti neoclassicism mu mapurani

Shoko rokuti "chiNazi chekare" mapurani ane zvimwe vaite. Izvi anonyanya nokuda muEurope uye Russian nzira kuti mugove wayo nguva. MuEurope, izvozvo kushandisa yoga classicism (XVII remakore) uye chiNazi chekare (hafu chechipiri XVIII, manyorero Louis rechi16 - rechitatu XIX rokutanga). In nyika yedu, zvinhu siyanei. Somuenzaniso, muna Russia uye Germany, nguva ino chete vaiona classicism. Uye pasi idzva chaiwo mapurani aireva kuguma XIX - mangwanani XX remakore. MuRussia, apo neoclassicism akanga akakurumbira chaizvo uye mubayiro rakakamurwa zvitatu nguva.

Chokutanga, mutsetse XIX - mangwanani XX remakore, yakatanga sezvo mhinduro matambudziko modernism. Kupfupika kwayo inoshora kunyanyisa decoration Art Nouveau. Panguva ino, pane zviri kuitika retrospectivism achitsvaka ndiponesezve chaiwo kukura uye marongerwo. The nguva yechipiri - makore 1930 pamusoro XX remakore. In Russia izvozvo Anonziwo Stalin kuti Empire. Akatangawo Baroque zviri classicism, Art Nouveau uye zvinhu mapurani zvikoro National. The wechitatu - the 1950s. Iye kunyanya manyorerwo American mapurani, uko vakawana dzavo itsva zimukadzimu nyore uye wokuratidza siyana.

Neoclassicism munyika mapurani

Classicism raiva simba kupfuura hwokudhirowa maitiro. Iye akavambundira vose hwemashiripiti. kukura kwayo zvakakonzera kwaita neoclassicism, iyo yakavakwa kwete yakachena kutevedzera mienzaniso yekare, uye avo reinterpretation. Style bereka canons yekare, kuabatanidza pamwe zvakawanwa ano uye zvimwe nyika zvayakawana. Nheyo dzakaiswa kare XVII remakore kubudikidza Andrea Palladio, wakavaka zvakawanda zvivako Vicenza. zvivako izvi zvazova muenzaniso vaizotevera ezvivako. Iye vakamutsa kufarira yemichato yose ezvivako yekare uye haana kurega kwemazana emakore anoverengeka.

Zvivako yokutanga mu "chiNazi chekare" manyorero pamwe zvakafanana, ichibata zvitarisiko, mitsara yembiru, matenga eraundi uye rectangular pamadziro akaonekwa France. Gare gare, zvinenge akanonga nenzira ezvivako mune dzimwe nyika muEurope. Uye zvishoma nezvishoma "dokatyvayutsya" kuna America. Neoclassicism - hazvina kunyange zvechokwadi manyorero. Asi rudzi zvinoitwa vakafunga ezvivako vekare. Kunyatsoverenga Mabatiro hwakagadzwa tsika uye kuvaka kwavo maererano zvivako ano mutsva magadzirirwo Decorating pfungwa - Ndivo mirawu neoclassical nezvoupfumi.

Neoclassicism muFrance

The chiNazi dzenhoroondo yokutanga mapurani ounyanzvi zvakasikwa Claude Ledoux, uyo akatanga basa ravo pamberi French Revolution. saltworks kwayo Arc-et-Senans, tsika chivakwa pamusuo Paris, yemitambo MuBesançon akararamazve tsika dzechiGiriki uye chakaratidza kutanga kwakajeka ichikosha iri French chiNazi dzekare mapurani. The yakakurumbira mumiririri zvidavado uyu Jacques Ange Gabriel. Pakati pezana remakore 50s pamusoro XVIII remakore akasika munhu kwazvo pakuvaka School Military panguva yacho Champ de Mars, zvinoyevedza Opera Garnier, kuti Petit Trianon pana Versailles, Concorde Square mu Paris chirongwa. basa rake yakava nzira vanhu ichatonga zvine mbiri chiNazi classicism kuFrance.

Iye zvakateverwa yakawanda matarenda ezvivako dzakavakwa mumagadzirirwo ichi. It Nicolas of Maiziere, akasika zviyo pamusika, Jacques-Denis Antoine uye ake chinzvimbo Mint pamahombekombe ari Seine, Sharl De Wailly uye kwazvo yemitambo "Odeon". Neoclassicism ndiyo chindori Paris saka kure. Kuvaka pamwe zvikuru zvinopindirana, domes, mativi porticos neshongwe zvino vava kuzvikudza kwayo.

Neoclassicism muUK

Mumakore 60 XVIII remakore chiNazi dzekare mapurani yaiva kudiwa manyorerwo muEngland. havaoni dzayo dzaiva mbiri ezvivako makuru Robert Adhamu Uilyam Chembers. Ivo, kusiyana kwavo French navo, akavaka dzimba kunyanya dzinogarwa. Adam akashanyira Italy, apo nokusingaperi kudanana zvivako ekare uye zvivako A. Palladio.

Chirungu Neoclassicism vaisiyana kubva French zvikuru nyasha uye zvakanaka. Pano, huru ngwariro rwakabhadharwa kuna mukati, yakakurumbira zvikuru rinova Decor Syon House pamwe Etruscan motifs. The vatsivi kuBritain chiNazi dzekare tsika ndiye Dzhon Soun uye Dzhordzh mumapako. Ivo Zvimwe mberi "manyorero waAdhamu." Kuvaka Bank of England uye mujeri panguva Newgate vaiva mienzaniso yakanaka kwazvo kwezvokufuka chiNazi dzenhoroondo Chirungu.

Kupararira neoclassicism mu Europe

Unyanzvi dzinomiririra neoclassicism ose pamusoro Europe. Somuenzaniso, muGermany, yakanakisisa mabasa mumagadzirirwo ichi zvinoitawo Karl Friedrich Schinkel. Zvakaoma uye muchidimbu kusikwa Kunyanya ichikosha mu neoclassicism. Zvivako ayo akwegura uye miziyamu itsva muBerlin guardroom vari creatively reworked nzira dzenhoroondo unyanzvi uye urongwa.

KuItaly, pakati neoclassic yakasvika incredible zvikuru. A. Palladio, zvivako zvayo kwoumbozha munguva Venice uye Vicenza, Dzhuzeppe Permarini uye La Scala ndivo maparera wenyika mapurani. Gare gare, Marcello Piacentini akaita akakwanisa nenzira yake kuti adudzire vapfumi nhaka mapurani yekare uye Palladian manyorerwo rokutanga chikamu XX remakore. Akasika yakasiyana nedzimwe kunzwisisa kembasi muRoma uye Victoria Square mu Brescia.

Russian neoclassicism: huru zvinhu

A rinokosha inogona kuwanwa neoclassical werudzii mu Russian mapurani. Danho rokutanga akanga nechokuita nokukurira dambudziko modernity, kudzokera dzenhoroondo midzi, kudekara rokutsvaka. Ivan Fomin, Vladimir Shuko, Ivan Zholtovsky mubasa mukudzidza chekare, yendarama zvikuru. Ivo dzinotibatsira mapurani ounyanzvi kweItaly uye France, zvinenge Zvakawanikwa mukuvaka dzavo. Danho rechipiri neoclassicism akaisa basa rakasikwa zvikuru mabasa mbiri simba Stalin. Monuments uye pamwero kwezvivako izvi zvichiri kunoshamisa vanhu.

Famous ezvivako Russian

Russian akitekicha kudada rose renyeredzi ane Artists vaishanda mune neoclassical manyorerwo. Muvambi anoonekwa kuti Ivan Fomin. Kwemakore akawanda chose kuti adzidze dzenhoroondo dzemitemo muchiRussia tsika yacho. Iye muridzi yokungotaura basa kuti kupembedza chiNazi dzekare manyorerwo, uye zvivako zvakadai vakakurumbira sezvo Polovtseva imba muSt Petersburg Polytechnic Institute muna Ivanovo, Moscow Soviet chivakwa muMoscow. Pakati ezvivako vaizviti pfungwa retrospective neoclassical anomira Zakharov, F. Lidval, St. Seraphim, A. Belogrud nevamwe vazhinji. Architects Moscow uye St. Petersburg kwete chete kuva kuzvikudza zvose yemisoro Russian, asi akasiyawo mataurire kuti pave nemamwe maguta munyika.

Neoclassicism muchimiro Moscow

Guta guru Russia anogona zvino varatidze anoshamisa mapurani ounyanzvi ari neoclassical manyorerwo. Vose nguva zvidavado ichi akasiya chinokosha mucherechedzo mumigwagwa. Moscow ezvivako nounyanzvi yakashongedzwa kufarira guta. Zvezvisarudzo chinozikamwa zvivako vanofanira kunzi musha rudzi Society uye "House Tower" musi Smolenskaya Square I. ZHOLTOVSKOGO Mansion Mindovsky mapurani Nikolai Lazarev, kuwedzera kune Moscow Art Theater F. Shechtel, pakuvaka State mari Bank Ivanov-Shicai. Stalin nguva neoclassicism inozivikanwa ose Russian mugari. Izvi yakakurumbira skyscraper L. Rudnev, D. Chechulina A. Mordvinova nemamwe ezvivako.

Neoclassicism muSt Petersburg

The pachake imwe dudziro chiNazi dzenhoroondo St. Petersburg aiva akakurumbira "imba ne shongwe" K. Rosenstein. Mariri tsika Ages vari zvakanyatsobatana zvinhu ano uye chaiwo. Northern guta anozvikudza uye yakawanda nezvimwe zvivako mumagadzirirwo ichi. Yakakurumbira ndivo zvivako avo: imba-Abamelek Lazarev mapurani I. Fomin, centre Tom De Thomon, mumiririri mangwanani chiNazi dzekare neimba Betlinga basa A. Grube, furati chakagadzirirwa naJ Timofeev Kovarskii nemamwe basa unyanzvi.