Pasi pose gungwa akaongorora ndiani? Vatsvakurudzi mumakungwa

Vaongorori kubva kunyika dzakasiyana dzakaratidza kuti zvipenyu vagere yose mvura guru nyanza (MO). Masayendisiti akasvika pamhedziso iyi kunyange muzana remakore rapfuura, uye ano midziyo yakadzika-gungwa rinosimbisa kuvapo hove, magakanje, crayfish, nehonye dzimwe makadzika anosvika 11.000 m. Ngationei kuti pasi nyanza vakadzidza musayendisiti French Zhak Pikar, mupiro kwakaitwa Chirungu uye oceanographers Russian.

Water Panyika - chinangwa uchizvichenjerera vanhu

Makore 400-500 apfuura, vafambi vazhinji havana kutarisira chii wechokwadi kukura uye kudzika munyanza. Ovhurazve pfungwa ngano zhinji Atlantis, kurasika makadzika megungwa, nhema pamusoro nyika yakanaka El Dorado, apo matsime emvura vanopiwa youth husingaperi. VokuEurope nechikepe Mahombekombe kure, apo zhinji vakanga goridhe, zvishongo uye zvinonhuwirira vagara ngozi nokuda pamberi matombo kumboongororwa uye yakakura shoals nenzira zvikepe. Asi kuti haana kurega kuita guru zvakawanwa nenzvimbo, kunonyora ruzhinji mumakungwa uye bays, kuwana ndima pakati huru uye chitsuwa.

Ndiani Akaongorora nyika mugungwa pasi kare uye kuMiddle Ages? Navigators vakadzidza pemvura kwakaita nzvimbo yacho nzira iripo kwavari, mepu uye mbiya. Masayendisiti anofungidzira kuti pemvura iri redu iri katatu Nyika nzvimbo (361 uye 149 miriyoni km ^2, ukuwo). Nyanza zvose nguva nhoroondo aiva simba pamusoro pokumuka kutengeserana, hove uye hwokufambira. Basa Defence pakugadzirwa okunze uye mamiriro okunze panyika, kupa vanhu zvokudya.

Limbo Oceanology (Oceanography)

Pasi nyanza Akaongorora Ferdinand Magellan panguva yake rwendo munyika; We akateerera kuyera kudzika Hristofor Kolumb uye Amerigo Vespucci. Asi havana masayendisiti, uye vatengesi uye vengarava. In XIX-XX emakore kwakawedzera basa nesayenzi kudzidza penyanza. Nemhaka nebudiriro vatsvakurudzi vakaisa yakachengeteka waterways zvakasikwa dzenzvimbo mepu salinity uye tembiricha, pemvura uye pasi-chando kwakaita nzvimbo yacho.

Panguva iyoyowo kukura kutumirwa akava chinokosha nezvainoita sangano uye kushanda nesayenzi nzendo. Izvi ndizvo zvakaitika floats zvikepe Russian kuti ipoteredze rwendo nyika, vakasvika nemahombekombe Antarctica. Kudzidza rakarongwa pamuganhu uye kudzika kuchamhembe uye Far Eastern makungwa.

Ndiani Akaongorora nechepasi nyanza

Reisen vakabatsira kubudirira kuunganidza ruzivo pamusoro Bazi Defence. Zvishoma nezvishoma kwaiva kuva mumwe sayenzi nzvimbo yomugariro - oceanography. Pakati ayo havaoni - Boris Varenius Dutch uye Russian Yuri Shokalsky. A rakakura izvi yakaitwa navigators Russian uye zvechiuto. Pasi nyanza Akaongorora rokutanga Italian L. Marsilio.

Pakutanga masayendisiti ari XIX remakore Russian E. Lenz uye E. Parrot tega udzamu geji. Pakati mumwechete remakore American JM. Brook akasika zvizhinji anotsaura nhumbi kutora ivhu ivhu. kubudirira izvi vakabudirira vashungurudzwe vechikamu oceanographic rwendo pamusoro British chikepe "Challenger". Kushanda pasi auspices of British Royal Society, masayendisiti ari mumakore 1872-1876 akapfuma wemabhuku zvomumvura nemhuka, kunge zvainyatsoenderana kudzika yeAtlantic, Indian uye Pacific mumakungwa. Pakati vakakurumbira nyanzvi nguva zvakakodzera kutakura Russian oceanographer S. O. Makarova, uyo akadzidza Black uye Mediterranean makungwa.

Kuyerwa mugungwa akabatsira kuumba pakupera kwezana XX remakore anenge zvizere udzamu mepu. Makore anenge 100 apfuura kutsiva tambo mijenya akauya ruzha uye mano - sounders. The mudziyo inongorira chakanaka chiratidzo, izvo zvinoratidzwa kubva pasi uye inounganidzwa. Kuziva nguva uye kumhanya inzwi mumvura iri kuwanikwa pakuverenga daro kuti inofanira kugoverwa pakati hafu. Izvi zvichava kudzika nokuyerwa nzvimbo.

Kuvhurwa nechepasi MO

Echo sounders ndashama vaongorori nyanza mikana. Okupedzisira emakore ari XIX remakore uye makore pashure peHondo Yenyika II vakanga Kunoonekwa nokuva kufarira zvipenyu Kudzivirira. Masayendisiti ndaitora uchapupu kuvapo kwoupenyu kwete pamusoro paiva nemvura, asi nenguva udzamu. In yechipiri yezana XX remakore yose nendege pamusoro mifananidzo umo vanhu vakaona nechepasi munyanza. Photo deepwater zvinenge ukabatwa mupfungwa vanhuwo zvavo. Pashure venyama kugara zvachose rima panguva tembiricha anenge 2-3 ° C, uye vane rinopenya dzemagetsi nhengo.

Masayendisiti vakanyora mamiriro ayo ari kwenguva makore yomugungwa anooneka zvikuru nemichinjiziri, dzegirini, nemakomo. Zvaiva nyore kuongorora Continental pasherefu uye Nemikwidza, asi mapiyona wechokwadi vakakwezvwa udzamu. Back mukupera XIX remakore, kunorwa "Challenger" yakawanikwa uye vakanyora mamiriro ayo gobvu nzvimbo Muushumiri Kudzivirira munzvimbo yacho Mariana Islands iri kuchamhembe kwakadziva kumadokero Pacific Ocean. chutes izvi zvakaguma kubva kudhumhana kuti simba Continental platforms pamwe mutete Oceanic matete. On makondinendi yakadzika dzegirini mugungwa kundosangana vaduku neeSultan gomo.

Chinhu kudzidza - pasi nyanza

Akaongorora Mariana mugoronga Swiss oceanographer Zhak Pikar, pamwe chete US mugari Don Walsh. Kunyudza Vanotsvakurudza vaishandisa yakadzika-gungwa motokari "Trieste". Zvino chiitiko chinokosha January 23, 1960. Vasati kuti, experimental Diving aiva akakurumbira wekambani French uye zvakasikwa Jacques IV Kusto, uyo vakabva filmed anonzi nezvoupenyu pamusoro penyanza pauriri.

Zhak Pikar uye Don Walsh, pamwe chete mu "Trieste," vakawira "mugomba rakadzikadzika Challenger" zasi-kumadokero Mariana mugoronga. Kusimba pano ndiyo 10 911-11 030 M pazasi padanho MO. Duration bathyscaphe dzinza raiva maawa anenge 5, vatsvakurudzi rakadzika muchimwiro munyika Magara nechepasi kwemaminitsi 20, zvakasimbisa simba chocolate akatanga kukwira, urwo rwakatora maawa anopfuura 3.

Ongororo dzakaratidza kuti kusiyana nemhuka yakadzika-gungwa achikwikwidza pamwe kupfuma kuna Fauna of coral kumboongororwa. Marine benthic zvinenge zviri dzakashandisa zvakavapoteredza, ukuwo nechepasi pamipata rima uye kuchitonhora.

The chikuru zvataurwa kuferefeta ano MO

The yechipiri yezana XX remakore kwakaratidza kutanga dzepasi chokutambudzika kudzidza munyanza. swimming yakarongwa pakutsvakurudza midziyo, yakadzika-gungwa kuchera kutora ivhu ivhu. Pakupera remakore rapfuura, masayendisiti vainyatsochenjerera nesungano pakati MO pamwechete chaimo, nezvainoita okunze.

Kubvira ipapo, sezvo pasi nyanza Akaongorora Zhak Pikar, zvakatora nguva yakareba. Oceanographic tsvakurudzo mberi, vanogona kuona muna MO anoputika kuroorwa, mhosva munyika dzine uye zvizivikanwe nemichina basa. Somugumisiro ari kudhumhana pakati Oceanic uye Continental mahwendefa, kuputika kwemakomo kuitika njodzi akauraya mazana ezviuru zvevanhu vanonyudzwa makadzika mvura chitsuwa, pane mafungu makuru - tsunami. Ive simba madutu kunobuda pamusoro munyanza uuraye egungwa inoparadza. The yokudzidza kwevanhu uye nyevero rakakodzera ngozi izvi - mumwe zvinetso oceanography ano.

Anoyevedza matura zviwanikwa MO kubvumira vanhu kuti kuvimba chinovanetsa kuvapo ane kwemazana emakore. Mvura mumakungwa yagara furrowing kwete chete hove, mitoro, mutakurwi nemidziyo zvechiuto. Ubanguranyika nokutsvakurudza zvikepe, kugadzirwa platforms simbi okunze, pasina iro zvakaoma kufungidzira zhinji yamakungwa.