Oiri - zvicherwa. Oil deposits. mafuta

Oiri - mumwe zvicherwa munyika inokosha (yeHydrocarbon mafuta). Ndicho yakatsvuka mashoko pagadzirwe rinochiwedzera uye lubricants uye nezvimwe zvinhu. Nokuti kwayo mamirire rima ruvara uye zvikuru nokuti mafuta upfumi hwenyika yose (zvicherwa) zita remadunhurirwa rokuti nhema goridhe.

tsananguro

Akati fuma aumbwa pamwechete mhando gaseous Mahydrocarbon pane imwe kudzika (zvikurukuru kubva 1,2 kusvika 2 km).

The kunonyanyisa uwandu reservoirs mafuta unongoda panguva kudzika 1 kusvika 3 km. nefuma anova makobvu Marita Near panyika, semisolid Asphalt nezvimwewo (semuenzaniso, tara sand).

Maererano runonakidza mavambo uye makemikari anoumba mafuta, pikicha kuti chinopiwa munyaya, akafanana dzinongoitika combustible magasi, uyewo ozokerite uye Asphalt. Dzimwe nguva dzose Tourism izvi ikashandiswa pasi rimwe zita - petrolytes. Asi nhengo rakasiyana boka - caustobioliths. Ndivo combustible zvicherwa zviri biogenic hunhu.

Paakataura zvicherwa akadai peat, shale, bituminous uye shava anopisa, anthracite ichi boka uye. By kukwanisa mudutu Organic mvura yacho mhando (chloroform, carbon disulfide, doro-benzene musanganiswa) mafuta, kufanana nezvimwe petrolytes uye zvinhu kuti motora Data zvokufembedzwa kubva peat, marasha kana yakanatswa zvigadzirwa dzinonzi nebhitumini.

kushandiswa

Pari, 48% kuti kuparadzwa simba panyika inowira mumafuta (chicherwa kupfuma). Chinhu nekusimba chokwadi.

Mafuta (zvicherwa) - panobva mishonga yakawanda yaishandiswa sectors siyana panguva mafuta maindasitiri, lubricants, polymeric fibers, colorants, zvokufembedzwa uye nezvimwewo.

Oil kunwa kukura kwakaita kuti dzakakwirira mitengo nokuti, uye zvishoma nezvishoma kuneta nokuda chicherwa mari. Izvi zvinomutsa mibvunzo pamusoro yezwi dzimwe simba zvinyorwa.

Physical Description

Mafuta imvura chiedza zvisvundu kuti shava (anenge rutema) ruvara. Dzimwe nguva pane nekabhunakeri-nyoro specimens. Avhareji samolecular kurema mafuta kubva 220 kusvika 300 g / mol. Dzimwe nguva parameter ichi zvichisiyana iri zvinobva 450 kusvika 470 g / mol. Chakarurama arambe achirema kwayo kunotemwa munzvimbo 0,65-1,05 (kunyanya 0,82-0,95) g / cm³. Panyaya iyi, mafuta rakakamurwa marudzi anoverengeka. zvinoti:

• Easy. Density - asingasviki 0,83 g / cm³.
• Avhareji. arambe achirema kuratidza iyi nyaya - munzvimbo kubva 0,831 kusvika 0,860 g / cm³.
• Heavy. Density - anopfuura 0,860 g / cm³.

Izvi zvinhu ine vakawanda siyana Organic zvinhu. Somugumisiro, yepanyama mafuta kunoratidzwa kwete warwo Kubika pfungwa, uye pamusoro kwokutanga pachiyero chinoratidza iri mushonga Mahydrocarbon. Kumboda zviri> 28 ° C, uye dzimwe nguva ≥100 ° C (mu nyaya mafuta inorema).

Viscosity of fuma kunosiyana-siyana mukati zvakawanda (kubvira 1,98 kusvika 265,9 mm² / s). Zvinonzi pakutsvaga mafuta fractional nziyo uye tembiricha kwayo. The yepamusoro tembiricha uye uwandu chiedza zvikamu zviduku, mafuta viscosity pazasi. Uyewo, uyu anokonzerwa kuvapo zvinhu zvakadai nebwe-asphaltene. Ndizvo kupfuura kwavari, dzakanga dziri viscosity mamwe mafuta.

The dzakananga Kupisa nefuma - 1.7-2.1 KJ / (makirogiramu ∙ K). Parameter chaicho kupisa combustion achiri yakaderera - kubva 43,7 kusvika 46,2 MJ / makirogiramu. The dielectric kuramba ramafuta - kubva 2 2.5, uye ayo conductivity - kubva 2 kusvika 0.3 ∙ 10-10 ∙ 10-18 ∙ Ohm-1 masendimita-1.

Mafuta, izvo akapa pikicha munyaya, ndiye munhu zvinobata moto zvokunwa. Unokanganisa panguva tembiricha inobva -35 kusvika +120 ° C. It zvinoenderana wayo fractional sezvamunoita uye zviri yakanyauka magasi.

The mafuta (mafuta) chaiye ezvinhu asingaiti mudutu mvura. Zvisinei, zviri anokwanisa rokuumba akatsiga emulsions pamwe mvura mvura. Soluble mafuta dzimwe zvinhu. Izvi zvinoitwa achiedza makemikari solvent mhando. Kuti vaparadzanise mafuta nemvura uye munyu rinoitwa zvimwe zviito. Ndivo zvikuru mune izvi. desalting ichi uye kupera mvura mumuviri.

Description of makemikari anoumba

In kundizivisa nyaya iyi inofanira kufunga zvose zviri muvanhu mubvunzo. Zviri Kazhinji, kuti yeHydrocarbon mafuta uye zvokuvamba nziyo. Next, tarira nomumwe wavo zvizere.

The kunopindirana sezvamunoita

Natural Zvisaririra mafuta ari musanganiswa vanenge 1000 zvinhu dzakasiyana hunhu. The huru zvinoriumba ndedzinotevera:

• Liquid Mahydrocarbon. Zviri 80-90% uremu.
• Heteroatomic Organic yeimwe (4-5%). Izvi, hunodzorwa nesarufa, okisijeni uye senitrogen.
• Organometallic yeimwe (kunyanya nickel uye vanadium).
• The ichiputswa yeHydrocarbon magasi akadai (C1-C4, kubva zvegumi shoma kusvika 4 muzana).
• Water (kubva tichingoda kusvika 10%).
• chicherwa munyu. Mostly chlorides. 0,1-4000 MG / L uye yakakwirira.
• Solutions kuti munyu pamusoro Organic acids uye zvemaziso netsvina (nezvimedu dzevhu, reraimu, jecha).

yeHydrocarbon sezvamunoita

Kumboda mafuta paraffinic ane (kazhinji 30-35 Kashoma - 40-50% of yose) uye naphthenic (25-75%) yeimwe. To muduku kumwero zvinonhuwirira yeimwe kupa. Anogara 10-20%, uye muduku - 35%. Izvi zvinokanganisa kunaka mafuta. Inosanganisirawo fuma iri mubvunzo remubatanidzwa hwakakanyiwa kana chemasanganiswa mamiriro. Somuenzaniso, anonhuhwirira uye naphthene-paraffinic.

Heteroatomic zvinoriumba uye rondedzero zvokuvamba Zvinoumba mafuta

Pamwe Mahydrocarbon vari chigadzirwa vari zvinhu pamwe netsvina maatomu (mercaptans uye monosulfides va-, thiophane uye thiophenes uye kunyange polycyclic uye nezvimwewo). Ivo yekudyidzana zvazvinoita kunaka mafuta.

Uyewo ari mafuta vari zvinhu zvine senitrogen. Rinongoreva homologs indole, pyridine, quinoline, pyrrole, carbazole, porphyrites. Ivo dzichiitika kunyanya mune residues uye inorema zvikamu zviduku.

The sezvamunoita zvinosanganisira mafuta oxygenates (naphthenic acid, anotsvedzerera anobuda pamiti nemakwenzi-asphaltene, phenols uye zvimwe zvinhu). Kazhinji zviri zvikamu zviduku munhu mukuru mhando.

mafuta Total inowanikwa inopfuura 50 okunze. Pamwe ataurwa zvinhu vaivapo muna chigadzirwa V (10-5 - 10-2%), Ni (10-4-10-3%), Cl (kubva tichingoda kusvikira 2 ∙ 10-2%) uye zvichingodaro. The kugutsikana nouipi ava yakatsvuka zvinhu uye yeimwe yeminda zvose zvinobvira zvichisiyana mukati rakafara mwero. Somugumisiro, kutaura pamusoro mafuta makemikari anoumba paavhareji pane chete conditionally.

Sezvo fuma iri Classified kubudikidza Zvinoumba Mahydrocarbon?

Panyaya iyi, pane zvimwe zvinodiwa. Share maonero ari mafuta yeHydrocarbon kirasi. Panofanira kuva kupfuura 50%. Kana mumwe makirasi Mahydrocarbon haisi asingasviki 25%, asi akaporazve mafuta vakavhengana mhando - naphthene-methane, methane-naphthenic, naphthene-anonhuhwirira anonhuhwirira naphthenic, uye inonhuwirira methano-anonhuhwirira-methane. A rokuti wokutanga ane dzinopfuura 25%, uye wechipiri - kupfuura 50%.

oiri ichakasangana nezvimwewo hazvina kuiswa. Nokuti kutaura zvazviri zvinokosha zvigadzirwa (kunyanya gwenya huni, mbishi zvokuvakisa kwemakemikari maindasitiri, zvokufembedzwa) nayo chinogadzirwa.

Nzira tsvakurudzo chigadzirwa

The chatingatevedzera pfuma dzinoongororwa kuti kusarudza vakatendeka zvikuru kodzera zvirongwa vayo kugadzira. Izvi zvinoitwa nokushandisa kunzwisisa nzira: namakemikari, mumuviri, uye chinokosha.

General unhu mafuta - viscosity, arambe achirema, dira pfungwa nezvimwe physico-namakemikari parameters, uyewo ichiputswa gasi sezvamunoita uye kubva muzana nebwe kugutsikana, Paraffin wakisi uye anotsvedzerera anobuda pamiti nemakwenzi-asphaltene yeimwe.

The chikuru chinobva zvishoma nezvishoma kudzidza mafuta anoburuka kuti mubatanidzwa nenyanzvi kuparadzana zvimwe zvinoriumba chete inopindirana anoitwa murwiyo vamwe zvikamu zviduku. Vari ipapo vakaongorora vemarudzi ose mumuviri uye namakemikari nzira. Vakawanda nzira dzokuziva chikuru mafuta chakapatsanurwa sezvamunoita muri-siyana DISTILLATION (DISTILLATION) uye rectification.

Maererano migumisiro kusarudzwa kuti yakamanikana (pedyo kubika 10-20 ° C) uye rakapamhamha (50-100 ° C) chikamu chiduku, inovakwa munyonga (TIC) rwechokwadi Kubika tembiricha yacho fuma. Ko zvino akaita kuti asimbise zvingakwanisa nomunhu kugutsikana nezvinhu, peturu zvigadzirwa uye zvinoriumba dzavo (kerosinogazoylevyh, peturu, distillates mafuta, Diesel uye mafuta anonhuwirira uye tars), yeHydrocarbon akafanana, uyewo mamwe chinokosha zvemakemikari uye chitarisiko.

The DISTILLATION rinoitwa mu kwakajairika DISTILLATION midziyo. Vari nepokuongorora fractionating mbiru. Muchiitiko ichi pogonorazdelitelnaya vanokwanisa anoenderana 20-22 yokungotaura ndiro zvidimbu.

Zviduku Zveropa vanozivikanwa se pamusana DISTILLATION, ipapo kwoita zvinoriumba. Zvadaro, achishandisa nzira dzakasiyana-siyana kunze kuziva kugutsikana kwavo uye kuisa zvivako. Maererano nzira okuti mafuta nziyo uye zvikamu zviduku kusiyanisa boka raro, nomumwe, boka zvayakaita uye zvokuvamba Analyses.

Kana boka akatsunga yoga ongorora zviri naphthenic, paraffinic, uye zvinonhuwirira yakavhenganiswa yeHydrocarbon.

Kana kusimba boka kuongorora yeHydrocarbon mafuta zvikamu zviduku murwiyo rinorondedzerwa so avhareji zviri naphthenic, aromatics nezvimwe cyclic zvivako, uyewo paraffinic ngetani zvinhu. Muchiitiko chino, danho rimwe zvakawanda - kukarukureta of hama uwandu yeHydrocarbon ari naphthene, Paraffin, uye nhandare.

Anotsinga yeHydrocarbon sezvamunoita vakatsunga kuti peturu uye gasi zvikamu zviduku. Kana zvokuvamba kuongorora mafuta nziyo akaratidza mari (kubva muzana) C, O, S, H, N uye micronutrients.

The nzira chikuru kupatsanura aromatics kubva naphthenic uye paraffinic uye kumwedzi arenes ndiyo monocyclic uye poly- zvokunwa adsorption chromatography. Yemanyorero absorb muchiitiko ichi anoshumira yakananga Kufananidzira - kaviri sorbent.

The Kuronga yeHydrocarbon mafuta multicomponent wemisanganiswa paupamhi uye yakamanikana bhendi anowanzoitwa decrypted ne ibatanidzo chromatography (mvura kana gasi danho), kuti adsorption kana dzimwe kuparadzana nzira chete spectral uye gobvu spectrometric nzira zvidzidzo.

Sezvo nyika pane maitiro mamwe rusesi muitiro akadai kukura mafuta, zvinova zvinokosha hwakadzama kuongorora (kunyanya mukuru-Kubika uye residual zvigadzirwa - tars inoremerwa mafuta anonhuwirira).

Huru Minda mafuta muRussia

On mundima deposits Russian venhumbi ane chinokosha chitsama. Mafuta (zvicherwa) - munhu National pfuma Russia. Zviri mumwe mukuru ekisipoti zvigadzirwa. Extraction uye kubudiswa mafuta - ndimo inokosha mutero zveminda kusvikira Russian bhajeti.

Development mafuta pamusoro commercial pamwero chakatangwa mukupera XIX remakore. Panguva iyoyo kuRussia kune nzvimbo yakakura kushanda mafuta. Ivo riri siyana dziri munyika.

zita dhipoziti	yokutanga Date	recoverable unganidza	Oiri-kugadzira nzvimbo
zvikuru	2013	matani mamiriyoni 300	Astrakhan nharaunda
Samotlor	1965	bhiriyoni 2.7 matani	Khanty-Mansiysk
Romashkinskoye	1948	bhiriyoni 2.3 matani	Republic of Tatarstan
Ob	1982	mabhiriyoni 2,7. T	Khanty-Mansiysk
Arlanskoe	1966	matani mamiriyoni 500	Republic of Bashkortostan
Lyantorskoye	1965	bhiriyoni 2 matani	Khanty-Mansiysk
Vankor	1988	matani mamiriyoni 490	Krasnoyarsk Territory
Fedorovskoe	1971	mabhiriyoni 1,5 matani	Khanty-Mansiysk
Russian	1968	matani mamiriyoni 410	Yamalo-Nenets zvionera Okrug
mamontovskoye	1965	bhiriyoni 1 matani	Khanty-Mansiysk
Tuymazinskoe	1937	matani mamiriyoni 300	Republic of Bashkortostan

mafuta Shale muna US

Mumakore achangopfuura, pamusika pane yeHydrocarbon rinochiwedzera hwachinja. Kuwanikwa shale gasi uye kukura kwayo kugadzirwa michina munguva pfupi akauyisa United States mune vakawanda miners yacho fuma. Fani iyi akarondedzerwa nenyanzvi se "shale chimurenga". Panguva iyoyo, nyika iri kutarisana kanenge chiitiko chikuru. Tiri kutaura pamusoro vakawanda kukura mafuta shale deposits. Kare nyanzvi vakaprofita pedyo kuguma yeoiri, asi zvino anogona nokusingaperi. Saka kuva sabatsira hurukuro nzira simba.

Zvisinei, mashoko pamusoro zvoupfumi zvebasa kukura mafuta shale deposits ndiyo dzinopesana chaizvo. Maererano nepepanhau "Zvisinei" berekai mafuta shale muUnited States (Texas) inenge $ 15 chete 1 dhiramu. Zviri zvikuru zvechokwadi mamwe cheapening acho kaviri.

Nyika Mutungamiri kugadzirwa "chekare" mafuta - Saudi Arabia - ane tarisiro yakanaka mumafuta shale indasitiri: mari mudhiramu ari pano chete $ 7. Russia panyaya iyi yakarasika. MuRussia, 1 Upfu mafuta shale kwaizoda mari inenge $ 20.

Maererano nebhuku ichangobva kutaurwa, shale mafuta anogona kubudiswa zvose kumatunhu nenyika. nyika imwe neimwe ine zvinokosha reserves mafuta. Zvisinei, kuvimbika mashoko pamusoro mubvunzo, sezvo mashoko pamusoro chaiyo kukosha shale mafuta kugadzirwa asi.

Nyanzvi H. Birg adzosa mashoko. Maererano naye, mari imwe Upfu mafuta shale ndiyo 70-90 madhora.

Maererano Bank of Moscow dzezvematongerwo Dmitry Borisov, mari inoshandiswa mafuta muMexico uye Gulf Guinea inosvika $ 80. Izvi nehasha kuenzana magetsi kumusika mutengo.

H. Birg zvakare anoti kuti oiri (mafuta shale) anoparadzirwa zvakaenzana mhiri nyika. Anopfuura zvikamu zviviri muzvitatu ari zvachose inzwi pfungwa muUnited States. Russia nezvokuvandudzika muzana 7 chete.

Nokuti kweShanduro chigadzirwa pasi kukurukurwa kuti ribude Mavhoriyamu huru paruware. Kuitisa muitiro akadai mafuta shale, nzira iri vakatakura nebasa. Izvi zvakakanganisa chaizvo anokuvadza zvisikwa.

Maererano Birge, kunzwisisa imwe kwacho zvakadai, sezvo dzokubudisa mafuta shale, iri ndanyarara hangu nokuda kuwanda nefuma Panyika.

Kana taifunga kuti shale mafuta kugadzirwa michina dzichapera zvakakwana sandara, mutengo mafuta dzakawanda angangova richaparara. Asi chero pasina kuchinja kukuru munzvimbo iyi haisi kuchengetwa.

With aripo mabikirwo mafuta shale kunogona kuva kunobatsira pane imwe nyaya - chete kana mutengo mafuta ari $ 150 mudhiramu kana kwirirei.

Russia, maererano Birge, vanonzi shale chimurenga havazokwanisi kuparadza. Chokwadi chokuti nyika tsira yemugumo. The chakavanzika nyore: mitengo mafuta mukuru kuunza purofiti yakakura uye budiriro iri shale chigadzirwa zvichawedzera kunze kwenyika nokugadzira akakodzera minda.

D. Borisov panyaya iyi haisi tariro chaiyo. Kukura kugadzirwa shale mafuta, maererano naye, rinovimbisa kuparara mu mitengo mafuta nepamusika rakapinza ichidonhedzera Russian ekisipoti zveminda. Zvisinei, munguva pfupi, izvi hazvifaniri kuva kutya, nokuti shale kukura vachiri matambudziko.

mhedziso

Zviwanikwa - mafuta, gasi uye vakarondedzera zvinhu - ndivo pfuma mumwe mamiriro umo vari mined. Izvi zvinogona kuonekwa nokuverenga nyaya, pamusoro apa.