Route kubva VaViking kuvaGiriki - nayo ... Detailed nzira kubva VaViking kuvaGiriki: rondedzero muguta, rwizi

Nokuti mashoko pamusoro nzira kubva VaViking kuvaGiriki, ndiko kuti, venyika yakabatana kuGungwa reBaltic, muMediterranean nyika, kwave kusarudzwa madzitateguru edu kuti kutenga yenzendo uye dzimwe nguva rutsigiro rwemauto, kuramba yellowed mapeji yaMakoronike yekare. Achiratidza pavo, tinoedza kunzwa kuti kare kare yakanyura kupinda yokukanganwa nguva uye kuronda nzira nyanzvi vatengesi nevafambi.

Waterways - Nyika migwagwa vamutangira

Mumazuva iwayo, tsananguro izvo zviri muna zvakaedza yakapfuura Years - yaMakoronike yekare, uyo rakanyorwa riri aitwa Kiev mutsvene seane uchenjeri Nestor sahwira - migwagwa yedu pfungwa yeshoko rakanga kwete. Asi sezvo kukura wezvokutengeserana ukama zvinoda kuramba yenzendo, nzira yokukurukurirana nzira kuva rwizi, chiri akafuma kwazvo Europe.

Zvakakunakirai kuti waterways izvi akatamisa mushambadzi chikepe akazara zvinhu wakakumikidzwa navo kunyika pedyo. Nokufamba kwenguva, vafambi vari havo vamwe, zviri zvikuru yokuita nzira idzo kare kuumbwa vamwe dzaishandiswa pakutengeserana, motokari iri kuti nomumwe gumi vakava zvikuru.

Vazhinji yose nevezvokutengeserana

Paumbwe izvi dzaishandiswa pakutengeserana kunobatsira chaizvo kuti vagere mumhenderekedzo yegungwa nzvimbo. namagariro avo vakapfuma, zvishoma nezvishoma akava yezvokutengeserana nodes, uye vamwe vakazoguma muguta. Mukuwedzera, rwizi uye gungwa tikurukure, unobva nemumwe zvemari dzakabudirira West mupfumi kunyika vokuMabvazuva, pave hwagadzwa dzakawanda ukama, uyewo kukura tsika nyika.

Mumwe nzira izvi raiva nevezvokutengeserana kubva VaViking kuvaGiriki, anorondedzerwa zvakadzama kubudikidza sahwira Nestor. Iye anonzi Nevazhinji akawedzera ose anozivikanwa nesayenzi. Its kureba chete pamusoro munharaunda Russia yekare yakanga anenge 2850 makiromita, naro kwete chete akamhanyira pamusoro penzizi uye nyanza, asiwo pamwe nomumugwagwa, apo chikepe aifanira achizvuzvurudza kudhonzwa.

Kubva kuBaltic kusvika pamhenderekedzo utsinye zuva Greece

Route kubva VaViking kuvaGiriki - basa nzira dzaibatanidza zvemari dzakabudirira nzvimbo yeGungwa reBaltic pamhenderekedzo (sahwira anomuti Varangian) pamwe Central Rus, uye gare gare - yawo chaiyo zvemisoro dzakawanda. Next akaenda steppes kweGungwa Dema, vakanga panguva iyoyo zororo muArabhu, uye, nokuputsa Gungwa Dema, yakasvika Byzantium - Kumabvazuva ndima kamwe simba, asi panguva hweRoma Zvaparara. Achisiya rine bishi misika weConstantinople, negotiators hwokuchamhembe vachifamba kusvika kuMediterranean, apo vakamirira kuti mupfumi maguta kumahombekombe. Ngatikurukurei nevezvokutengeserana kubva VaViking kuvaGiriki uye pfungwa huru yaro nzendo.

Kutanga rurefu

Zvinofungidzirwa kuti akatora kwayakatangira pa Lake Mälaren iri mune ikozvino Sweden. Pachitsuwa, riri pakati, uye pane nzvimbo inonzi Birka nhasi, kare, vanoumba guru Shopping Centre, iyo vakaunganidzwa kubva zvose pamusoro dzekuma Scandinavia zvigadzirwa, uye kwaiva ndakawedzera kutengeserana. Izvi runoratidzwa mari yekare munyika dzakasiyana, panguva achangopfuura matongo Zvakafukunurwa.

Kubva ipapo nhumbi vakaremerwa chikepe kunze reBaltic (Varangian) Sea uye vakatamira kuchitsuwa domsaga, zvakare chikuru dzokutengeserana nomusimboti, vagari izvo zvakabudiswa zvebhizimisi kushanda yakawanda kubatsira, uye saka noushamwari anogamuchira vaeni. Zvaakanga aita izvozvo anoverengeka zvokungoitawo dzaishandiswa anobata uye marambi mumatanda, vatengesi, vachifambawo kuBaltic pamhenderekedzo, vakapinda muromo Neva, uye, achifumira pamusoro payo, vakawira muDziva Ladoga.

By expanses pamusoro Ladoga kuna Novgorod

Zvinofanira kucherechedzwa kuti nzira kubva VaViking kuvaGiriki - zvakanga rinorema chaizvo uye basa ngozi. Kwete chete gungwa nzira zvikamu, asiwo rwizi uye nyanza, vakanga hwakazara nengozi dzakawanda. Pakutanga uchidzokorora, kukunda Mangondo Neva aifanira kudhonza chikepe pamahombekombe, uye rebei hakumbofi portage zvavo, izvo zvaida kutsungirira. Kana Ladoga, zvinosuruvarisa yaizivikanwa madutu kamwe, dzimwe nguva akaramba kuti vafambi aurayiwe.

Next, kutsanangura hwakadzama nzira kubva VaViking kuvaGiriki, sahwira inotaura kuti Lake Ladoga convoys kukwira rwizi Volkhov uye richisvika Novgorod, guta racho guru rokutanga Russian kusangana nenzira yavo refu pakanga kunonoka nguva. Vamwe vatengesi, kwete kuda kuramba nzira mberi uye, kuti vamuedze mugumo, kutengeswa nomutengo Novgorod kumusika zvigadzirwa zvavo uye kutenga imwe itsva, wakadzoka.

On panzira Dnieper

Vaya zvechokwadi vaida kupfuma pamusoro jeka pamhenderekedzo Mediterranean, vakaramba vachienda. Abva Novgorod, ivo akakwira Volkhov ndokusvika Lake Ilmen, akatevera akakwira achishandisa mutero rwizi Lovat naye. Zvadaro, vatengesi, akagara ari nezvikepe pakati Bales nhumbi, rinomiririra mukana ruoko makumbo enyu: achipfuura Lovat, vaifanira kudhonza zvikepe zvavo pamahombekombe uye kushandisa Timbered rollers, achizvuzvurudza navo pamhenderekedzo Western Dvina.

On Mahombekombe ayo inogarwa kubva kare zvokutengeserana dzakatanga, uye pano kune Scandinavians zvakasiyana-siyana vatengesi vakabatana necheSalvic, uyewo kundotsvaka yakaipa munzira kuenda maguta Mediterranean. Vose vakanga vakamirira pamberi mitoro itsva, sezvo pakati nembiya dziri Western Dvina uye Dnepr, izvo kuisa nzira dzavo, kuuya kwidza, Conjugate zvose pamwe chete zvuva pakaoma, kunyange zviduku, asi nhumbi vakaremerwa ngarava.

Trade mumaguta Pridneprovya

Anosungwa mvura Dnieper, pamahombekombe izvo vari mumaguta makuru zvakadaro Smolensk, Chernigov, Lubitsch, uye pakupedzisira, mai mumaguta Russian - Kiev, vafambi vanopiwa kukodzera mubayiro zvose zvavo pamabasa chakakonzerwa namaneja. In nomumwe wavo paiva ndakawedzera hwekutengeserana, apo zvinhu akatengesa chikatsiviwa richangobva yakatengwa uye muzvikwama voluminous vatengesi 'azviwanira inofadza roundness.

Pano, sapamazuva Novgorod, vamwe vafambi rakapera nzira kwayo uye saka pamwe mutoro mutsva kumusha. Tinobva kutevera chete zvikuru kwazvo, nokuti panguva yekare pamazuva nzira kubva VaViking kuvaGiriki - zvakanzi, Chokwadi, zvakaoma kuti wematambudziko, saka zvikuru zvisingafanoonekwi uye nezvimwewo kuti kutarisira daredevils.

Way mhiri kwegungwa

zvimwe dzavo adventures kutanga pakarepo panguva Dnieper Rapids, rinomiririra panguva iyoyo nengozi kuti navigation, sezvo chikepe chaifanira kudhonzwa pamwe kumahombekombe, apo vakanga vakamirira vavandire muArabhu, inozivisa pamhenderekedzo muridzo miseve yavo. Asi vaya vakakwanisa zvinobudirira kupfuura mavara aya dema uye ubude muGungwa Dema, vachigere kufema akatura befu - pamberi pavo vanotarisira njodzi itsva.

Asi pano, richisvika pakupedzisira mhiri, njodzi zvakachengetwa negotiators vakawana pachavo vari vapfumi uye Kunyudzwa hwokusanyara guru Byzantine Empire - Constantinople, yaiva Slavs akadana Constantinople. Muno ruzha uye polyphonic misika akaunzwa zvinhu zvinobatsira kutengeswa, ichibereka nzvimbo reserves itsva.

Korona basa uye kudzokera kumusha

Route kubva VaViking kuvaGiriki, iyo Kuziviswa izvo yatinowana Nestor sahwira, vakaenda mberi nomumvura kweGungwa reMediterranean. Akatungamirira avo vakakwanisa kudzivisa yemadutu, fivha kana musangano pamwe Pirates, maiva pamusoro penzvimbo mvura, hwakaropafadzwa Roma uye mamwe maguta vakapfuma Itaria uye Greece. Rakanga kwokupedzisira pfungwa kufamba - mugumisiro kwemwedzi yakawanda basa. Zvisinei, kuonga kwake zvakamufanira akanga achiri mangwanani - mberi yaizouya nzira hapana zvishoma ngozi shure.

Kuti musha uye kupinda mudiwa chiteshi danda, vatengesi mhiri Mediterranean dzirege dzichipfuura avo Atlantic uye, skirting yose kwemhenderekedzo Western Europe, kusvika pamhenderekedzo dzekuma Scandinavia. Kuedza kuderedza mukana uye kutamira sezvo pedyo sezvinobvira pamahombekombe, vakagara ose makuru mumhenderekedzo yegungwa maguta, apo iye kuitwa vachitenga kwavo zvisingaperi uye kutengesa. Saka, nzira kubva VaViking kuvaGiriki, tsanangudzo pfupi iyo yaiva nyaya ino, hamvuropu yose Europe uye inoguma wayo pokutangira.

Kuwanda achitengesa zvinhu

Chii vaitengeserana vaya vakaenda kuburikidza rwendo wakaoma uye ngozi kubva VaViking kuvaGiriki? Taundi riri pamhenderekedzo mumakungwa uye nomunzizi, kuburikidza icho akamhanya kosi yavo, aiva munhu zveupfumi maitiro avo, uye ndiwo Chokwadi, zvakakanganisa musanganiswa sezvo privozimyh uye aivigirwa pfuma. Zvinonyatsozivikanwa Somuenzaniso, Volyn uye Kyiv aizopa akawanda, uye saka yakanaka zvikuru mutengo chingwa, sirivha, zvombo uye zvemarudzi ose omunzvimbo ounyanzvi.

Novgorod vagari nomutsa kusvitsa musika pamwe mbava akatakura mbava-mhuka, uchi, namo, uye Chikurukuru - huni, zvakachipa uye zvinowanikwa mundima dzavo uye zvikuru shoma kumaodzanyemba. Sezvo nzira VaViking kuvaGiriki vakayambuka vakawanda mumaguta uye kunyange nyika dzakasiyana-siyana zvine chokuita upfumi, kuwanda nenhumbi ari dzichichinja.

General, ave mutemo, kwaiva chii akatanga kudii vatengesi akazara kwazvo rook of chizvarwa Baltic zvipo: zvombo, rinopenya uye musango. A shure - vakaremedzwa zvinonhuwira, mhiri kwemakungwa waini, mabhuku, machira akanaka uye mabasa zvishongo unyanzvi.

The simba nevezvokutengeserana kuenda kukura ehurumende

Maererano zvikuru chiremera vatsvakurudzi, gwara kubva VaViking kuvaGiriki - zvakanga chinhu chinokosha kuti kukanganiswa kukura dzakawanda ukama iyoyo. Zviri nekuvongwa iye Ancient Russia kuvandudza ukama Byzantium, apo rakati chiKristu uye siyana michina zvakagadzirwa, uyewo nyika reMediterranean.

Panguva epamba upenyu Old Russian mamiriro, akanga kufurirwa unobatanidza mbiri yakadaro guru pakati kwayo sezvo Novgorod uye Kiev. Uyezve, nemhaka iyi zvakanaka akasimbisa nzira zvomutengesi chengoro, guta rimwe nerimwe pedyo akakwanisa pachena dzokurasa yayo micheto zvakafanana zvinhu. Ndiwo kupfuura zvakanaka zvainoita upfumi hwose.

Trade nzira, vakava hondo zvinodhura

Sezvo anozivikanwa kubva yaMakoronike, uye kunyanya "zvakaedza zvekare Years", vakawanda vemauto ekare Russian muhondo dzavo vakashandisa nzira kubva VaViking kuvaGiriki. KwoRwizi migwagwa hwekutengeserana mashoko muzviitiko izvi anova hondo zvinodhura.

Somuenzaniso, Prince Oleg, akadana Wouprofita uye kuzivikanwa kuburikidza usingafi nhetembo A. S. Pushkina. Mugore 880, uchishandisa nechekare inonyatsozivikanwa nzira yomurwizi, iye ake boka racho akakwanisa kusvika Kiev uye mukudzidzire.

Ndivo vakakunda uye zvose vasangana mumugwagwa rweguta, muchinda saka vakabatana zvakawanda necheSalvic nyika. Saka, nzira kubva VaViking kuvaGiriki, muchidimbu yakarondedzerwa sahwira Nestor, vakaita basa rinokosha pakuita kusikwa rakabatana Russian mamiriro.

Next, muna 907, Prince Oleg, uchishandisa imwe gang, akaita rwendo rwake yenhau kuna Byzantium, akakunda Constantinople uye akasvika magedhi sechiratidzo mukukunda vayo nhoo, akaita akatevedzana mari wezvokutengeserana uye enyika zvibvumirano.

Chete nzira muna 941, zvichiita kuti uto rwendo, akasvika pamhenderekedzo Bosphorus amutsive - Prince Igor. Uyezve, unogona kuyeuka mazita Prince Svyatoslav, akadana utungamiri tarenda yekare Russian Aleksandrom Makedonskim, Aleksandra Nevskogo nevamwe vazhinji, nounyanzvi akashandisa gang protoronny vatengesi.