The War of 1812. Tarutinsky rinoshamisa (pfupi)

In hondo hakuna anongoitika zviitiko. Zvose zvinoitika kune migumisiro yacho zvakakomba. Asi pane zviitiko zvikuru kuchinja nzira kare. Tarutinsky anofambisa vehondo wokuRussia muna 1812 hondo - mumwe Zvikamu ivavo. Akanga wechipiri chakachinja, pashure hondo Borodino uye akamanikidza hondo Napoleon I kuti tibve nechinangwa.

Hondo 1812

Russia aro ose munhoroondo-gore zviuru vasina nguva kuzvidzivirira kuvavengi vanoda varanda vake. Pakutanga XIX remakore ndozvakaitikawo. The French Revolution, uye ipapo kuuya simba munyika nokuda Napoleon Bonaparte, uyo akazivisa pachake mambo, ichaparadzwa hukama pakati maviri kamwe-ushamwari kunyika. Zviremera Russian mumunhu Alexander I vakatya mugumisiro iyo yakaitika panguva French Revolution pamusoro mamiriro ezvinhu ari Russian Empire. Asi pakupedzisira kuti ukama vakanga unoparadza kuti zvokurwa mutemo, izvo Napoleon ndakatanga kupedza pamusoro nyika dzokuEurope, kunyanya Britain, iyo ine refu-yakamira mubetseri Russia.

Pakupedzisira, zviito France kwakaita zvakakonzera hondo Russia, riri Russian historiography chainzi hondo 1812 gore.

The zvinokonzera kurwisana nezvombo

Pakazosvika 1812, rose Europe, kunze muvengi wekare France - England yakakundwa hondo Napoleon. Of dzimwe nyika masimba, chete Russian Empire akaramba kutevera yakazvimirira wokumwe mutemo kuti hazvina kufadza mambo French. Uyezve, Russia kutotadzisa vakakanganisa Continental blockade, iyo akamanikidzwa kubvuma mhosva England sezvo huru mamiriro Tilsit chibvumirano pakati Russian Empire uye France. The blockade ari kukonzera zvakakomba kuvadza upfumi, nei Russia akava kutengeserana England kuburikidza kwazvakarerekera kunyika. Zvisinei, hazvina pamutemo kutyora chibvumirano pakati Continental blockade. France akanga achigumburwa, asi kutsutsumwa kugona kutaura.

Russia nokuda kwayo kuzvimirira mutemo kwakatadzisa Napoleon vakaziva hope kwaizoita nyika. Kutanga naye hondo, akanga aronga muhondo yokutanga vazopa unorema akarova wehondo wokuRussia uye ipapo kuti zvitungamirire mashoko orugare kuti Alexander I.

Pakuenzanisa Mauto

Uto Russian kuverengwa pakati 480 uye 500 zviuru vanhu, uye France - 600 zviuru. mari iyi, maererano vakawanda kare, nyika mbiri vakakwanisa kuratidza mufambiro rehondo. Mumamiriro ezvinhu akaoma zvakadaro, vachiziva kuti Napoleon anotarisira kupedzisa kamwe chete chete muvengi, utungamiriri weuto Russian munzira dzose, kwakasarudzwa kuti kuzeza kurwisana yairwirwa nemuvengi. Maitiro akadaro anotenderwa uye Alexander I.

Hondo Borodino

Zvichitevera kutenderwa urongwa hakusi kuita ari adzika muhondo nemuvengi, pashure nechisimba muna June 1812 mauto Napoleon kwakaita hondo Russian vakatanga zvishoma shure, kuedza kubatanidza pamwe nemumwe. It akakwanisa kuita pedyo Smolensk, apo Napoleon akaedza zvakare kupa hondo yairwirwa. Asi Mukuru wokuRussia Army Barclay of Tolly haana kubvumira izvozvo, uye akabva muguta.

Ndokudzika hondo kwakasarudzwa kupa nzvimbo kuti utungamiriri vakasarudzwa uto pacharo. Pakazosvika nguva akatora zvarayirwa Mikhail Kutuzov. The anomboitika kwakasarudzwa kupa pedo Mozhaisk, mumunda pedyo nomusha Borodino. Pano pakanga mumwe nokuchinja kukuru mune nzira kurwa. Zvadaro ichi paya Tarutino rinoshamisa zvachose kuchinja nyaya yake.

Kunyange zvazvo hondo haina kufarirwa, uye mativi vakaramba vari munzvimbo dzavo, akanga akuvadzwa noutsinye kurasikirwa weuto French, uye ipapo akatsvaka Kutuzov.

Council muna Fili uye pakusununguka Moscow

Pashure Hondo Borodino eRussia ichidzokera kuna Mozhaysk. Pano, mumusha Fili, Kutuzov vakaita kanzuru vehondo, izvo zvinofanira kuva njodzi guru Russian rave kugadziriswa. Ruzhinji vakuru chaiva kupa mumwe kundorwa pedyo Moscow. Asi vamwe veuto pamusoro avaida kuzoongorora ramangwana kurwa chinzvimbo, zvakasimba mune nyasha kuramba hondo vachikanganisa kuisa muvengi Moscow. Kutuzov vabude guru.

Tarutinsky Kufamba-rinoshamisa: Musi uye chikuru vatambi

Kuti tinzwisise kunzwisisa uye nedambudziko zvinhu, zvinokosha kunzwisisa zvinotevera: ane kubvira kuwa weuto havana kuramba kurwa guru. Napoleon mugumo usati havana kutenda kuti kurasikirwa Moscow haamanikidzi kutaurirana Alexander I. Asi Russia kutsaukira muvengi guru havana kurasikirwa, rufu weuto zvaireva kwokupedzisira kukundwa.

Napoleon kubvira pakutanga Russian pamushandirapamwe zvaikosha kumanikidza muvengi rechiuto hondo inokosha. Vatungamiri kweuto Russian vakaita yayo yakanakisisa yokudzivisa nayo, kusvikira mauto akanga dzisakarurama.

Kuregedzesa uto kubva Moscow, September 14 (New Style), Field Marshal akarutuma noruoko Ryazan mugwagwa, kutanga kumusha Red Pakhra, uye gare gare akasarudza nzvimbo uto mumusha Tarutino. Where Mauto Russian vaiva kunyange pfupi, asi vanoda kuva zororo. Panguva imwe chete paiva nezvokudya kuhondo uye vanozvipira.

Kutuzov tsanzira urongwa

Chii chakanga Kutuzov zano? Tarutino rinoshamisa, ane kutanga musi - 17 September, uye magumo - October 3, aifanira kuvhiringidza Napoleon uye kupa yokuRussia mauto nguva yokuzorora. Taifanira kuviga nzvimbo yavo kubva muvengi. Mune Implementation hurongwa ichi chakabatsira Russian shure varindi uye Cossacks. Tarutino rinoshamisa inogona muchidimbu sezvinotevera.

14 September, manheru, kana mauto Napoleon akanga watova Moscow, wokupedzisira mauto eRussia pasi murayiro General Miloradovich izvozvo chete kusiya. Mumamiriro ezvinhu akadaro, asi Vanguard ari emauto French vakadzinganiswa eRussia vaifanira kuviga masangano avo.

Kutuzov akatungamirira uto riri Ryazan mumugwagwa, asi ipapo akarayira kuti batidza Kaluga yekare. Pano uye yakatanga chirongwa kuvanza mauto Russian pamusoro Napoleon - nomukurumbira Kutuzov Tarutino rinoshamisa. The kuenda mugwagwa mutsva uye kuyambuka Moscow River akafukidza varindi veshure pakati emauto pasi murayiro vehondo Vasilchikova, Rajewski uye Miloradovich. Nokuti kuyambuka hondo Russian vakatevera French chains-garde. Mauto Russian vakasiya mbiru mbiri.

Pashure pokuyambuka mauto wakakurumidza chichifamba uye akaputsa kubva French. Nokufamba vokupedzisira redzimba Rajewski vakapisa mabhiriji zvose kuyambuka. Sezvo September 17, yave zvinobudirira raparurwa Tarutinsky anofambisa wehondo Russian.

mashandiro pabutiro

Putsai kure pakutsvaka rechiFrench chains-garde haana kukwana. Napoleon nokukurumidza pashure asvika muMoscow akatuma kundotsvaka ake yakanakisisa Russian Army Marshal Murat. Russian rearguard Rajewski uye Miloradovich uye Cossack zviyero zvakasikwa maonero mauto shure kuna Ryazan, kutsausa Napoleon. Vakabudirira kuti zvinokosha mazuva mashoma Kutuzov disorient French riri nzvimbo weHondo Russian. Panguva ino iye vakabudirira kusvika mumusha Tarutino vakamira ikoko musasa kuzororo. Saka yakanga sowakajeka akaziva Kutuzov urongwa.

Akabatsirwa kufukidza shure hondo uye vanhuwo zvavo kuti yakapoteredza misha. Vakaronga mapoka emagandanga uye pamwe Cossacks Vakarwisa Vanguard French, kwaiitwa yakawanda kukuvara.

Tarutino kurwa

Kwemakore anoda kusvika vhiki mbiri, Napoleon haana kuziva kwaunenge weuto Russian, kusvikira haina pachena nzvimbo muviri Murat. nguva ino yakashandiswa kunonyanyisa zvinobatsira. Warriors akapiwa-refu akamirirwa pazororo, zvokudya rakarongwa, akasvika matsva replenishment. Tula akagamuchira zvombo zvitsva, uye navamwe enyika kubudikidza murayiro mukuru mukuru kuita kugovera yunifomu yechando kuti hondo.

Panguva imwe cheteyo varwi Kutuzov akafukidza mugwagwa vari vapfumi kumaodzanyemba enyika uye Tula, pamwe nemauto ayo indasitiri. Zvinowanikwa neshure weuto French, Kutuzov akanga pakusika nengozi.

Hondo Napoleon yaiva muMoscow muna nomusungo uyu. Mugwagwa mupfumi kumaodzanyemba enyika akafukidza nesimba, uto Russian, uye guta guru chaizvoizvo dzakandipoteredza partisan mapoka ose Cossacks uye vanhuwo zvavo.

September 24, Murat akawana nzvimbo weuto Russian, uye akamira asiri kure nomusasa wake kuti pakuongorora musi Chernishne rwizi. Kuwanda uto rake rakanga vanhu vanenge 27.000.

Mukutanga October, Napoleon akaedza kupinda akurukure Kutuzov, asi iye akaramba izvozvo. Kwakasarudzwa kurwisa boka Murat, nekuti, maererano mishumo guerrillas, akanga asina vavabatsire. October 18 musasa French yakaerekana vakarwiswa nemauto Russian. Fully mauto Murat vakatadza kukunda, iye akakwanisa kuronga dzokera shure. Asi Tarutinsky kurwa akaratidza kuti uto Russian wava simba uye ikozvino chinomiririra ngozi muvengi.

Zvichireva Tarutino macha

Tarutino rinoshamisa muna 1812, sowakajeka pamuviri uye sowakajeka vakaziva Kutuzov kushandisa vake vehondo uye navatariri, yaikosha kukunda mutori. Kuva akakwanisa kutyora kubva muvengi uye vachidikanwa shomanana, mauto eRussia vaidiwa zororo, dzakatangwa kugoverwa maoko, zvinhu uye yunifomu. Uyewo, mauto ane kuchengeterwa itsva, vakasvika vanhu vanopfuura zviuru 100.

Ideal nzvimbo yasarudzwa kuRussia havabvumirwi kupinda pamusoro kunogumbura Napoleon uye vakamanikidzwa kusiya muuto French achitevedza Smolensk mugwagwa wekare akatungamirira nomunharaunda dzichapambwa zvachose.