Textual kutsoropodzwa - chii ichi? Basics, misimboti nzira zvakawedzerwa tsoropodzo

Havasi vose vanoziva kuti mamwe mashoko. сферы распространения этой дисциплины, между тем, имеет огромное практическое значение. Nokududza yezvinoreva kupararira chirango ichi, Zvichakadai, zviri zvikuru inoshanda kukosha. Ngationgororei izvozvo zvizere.

Chii zvakawedzerwa?

, как в дисциплине, собраны многочисленные произведения. In mabhuku, sezvo mukuranga, vakaunganidza mabasa akawanda. Kuti pave vavo vaishandisa nyaya dzakasiyana-siyana, ngano, munhu kubudirira. рукописи, посмертные и прижизненные издания разных авторов, их дневников, писем, записных книг. Textual kutsoropodzwa - kudzidza zvinyorwa uye posthumous hwose Shanduro vanyori siyana, avo diaries, tsamba, kemabhuku, mabhuku. Mukati kurangwa akadzidza uye mabasa ngano (rengano, epics nezvakadaro.). специальная сфера филологии. Historical zvakawedzerwa - chinokosha zvoupenyu philology. It rinoongorora peculiarities rakasikwa uye kubudisa mabasa.

matavi

Zvikurukuru zvakawedzerwa - kudzidza ngano uye hwokudhirowa zvinyorwa. Matavi amire panze, zvichienderana pamusoro chaiyo dambudziko. On hwaro ichi kusiyanisa munzvimbo:

1. Kare.
2. Middle Ages.
3. Ngano.
4. mabhuku Eastern.
5. Mabasa dzazvino.
6. Kwomutauro zvinyorwa.
7. Zvinyorwa.

Zvinonzi yakadaro siyana maindasitiri hakurevi kuvhiringidza kuranga chete count.

ukoshi

отрасль, которая занимает вполне конкретное и самостоятельное место. Textual kutsoropodzwa - chiri indasitiri kuti ane nzvimbo chaiyo uye akazvimirira nzvimbo. Discipline hunonyatsobatana kune dzimwe nzvimbo philology. Kunyanya, yokungotaura uye nhoroondo akashandiswa mutsvagurudzo. Kuongororwa zvigadzirwa rinoitwa kwete spatial kukura uye pakupedzisira dzakabudirira chimiro. Anyore Mashoko Zvidzidzo tsime uye panyama.

Paumbwe kurangwa mu Europe

отрасль, существование которой прослеживается с самых древних времен. Textual kutsoropodzwa - ane bhizimisi vane kuvapo dzinogona kurondwa kusvikira kumararamire vekare. Muchiitiko chino, ayo inotungamirwa kwakaitika mumatanho uye kwave achisonganira pave magariro upenyu. использовались в античной филологии при корректировке, толковании и комментировании записей. Anyore Mashoko nzira inoshandiswa dzekare nyanzvi kuchinja, nokududzira uye kutsinhira pamusoro Blog vakanyoresa. It akaumba mangwanani vanonzi "mubhaibheri kutsoropodza" zvakakwana. Chitarisiko Its chokuita mazita Origen, Porphyry, Celsus. Zvadaro, mukuru "kutsoropodzwa yeBhaibheri" zvishoma nezvishoma azviwanira chimiro nesayenzi. Pakazosvika 17-19 emakore akaumba hwaro pakatanga inzwi kuongorora mabhuku echitendero. A Muitiro itsva nhoroondo kuziva yakabuda muna Renaissance. Panguva ino, substantially akasimbisa ukama zvakawedzerwa uye unhu mabhora nesayenzi. The havaoni yeEuropean dzenzvimbo iri muNew Era vanoonekwa German, Reyske, Bentley, etc. Porson.

chikoro German

. Muzana remakore rechi19 zvaipinda rakakura kunzwisisa zvakawedzerwa nheyo. Key ngwariro yaitaura kudzidza zvinyorwa, kuzivisa "mufananidzo" pamusoro homogeneous kuongorora vavariro. Professor Becker yakazokudziridzwa yakaoma kusvika kuna kugadzirira mumabhuku yeGirisi Roman dzenhoroondo vanyori. Naizvozvo, akanga mushandi Leopold of Ranke kuti yakakura munda chenhau tsvakurudzo. chikoro German sepokutangira ongororo ainyanya kushandiswa mabasa ekare.

The mechanistic dzidziso

Contemporary zvakawedzerwa sainzi akatanga kuumbwa Karlom Lahmanom. Akakurukura dzidziso "vanhuwo zvikanganiso", iro disclosures iyo yakaratidza yakafanana kwakabva zvinyorwa. Hwaro mechanistic dzidziso Lachmann vainyanya kuomesa unyanzvi uye yakasimbiswa nenheyo zvakawedzerwa kutsoropodzwa. Iye yabuda pamusoro quantitative kuenzanisa okunze. Nzira yekare zvinyorwa dzinonetsa kubudiswa musayendisiti kushandiswa mabasa German Middle Ages. zvakawedzerwa nenheyo kudzidza New Age zvinyorwa kunge apinda chikoro Scherer, Bernays. pfungwa Lachmann vakanga yakatanga muna muPrague nemabasa chikoro. Zvichakadaro mechanistic Pfungwa kwave vakatsoropodza Bedier nokuda kwayo non-yose sezvakaita.

Paumbwe chirango muFrance

Munyika ino, nzeve zvakawedzerwa kutsoropodzwa kwave kuitika pakati remakore rechi19. Remakore rechi20 aizivikanwa pakuonekwa chikoro Lanzon uye kushingaira basa Paris Institute. Muna 1970-ies. France yakabuda uye vachishingaira kuva itsva mirayiridzo - nemagene kutsoropodza. Yakava chinokosha muzinda Paris Institute zvinyorwa uye magwaro ano. Panobva ouzivi kuchikoro yaiva dzidziso relativity. It zvikuru anotsanangura nzvimbo majini kutsoropodza. Panguva iyi, takanga akagadzira mibvunzo inokosha kuti Akaongorora zvakawedzerwa itsva. Izvi chikuru mavambo, kufamba records, kuridza muzvikamu zvose zvakasikwa basa iri nedanho kunyora. Vaongorori haana kupa kupfuura imwe chete neyeChirungu. Vatsigiri havatendi kuti ichangobva munyori wacho mipumburu ane zvakwakanakira pamusoro chepakutanga ubate. Ivo vaiti zvinovasiyanisa zvokukura zvisikwa.

nuances

Zvinofanira kuzivikanwa kuti specificity chiri chirongwa pakusikwa basa, nhoroondo dzaro. в рамках генетической критики существенно расширяет сферу исследования. Textual kutsoropodzwa ari gadziriro nemagene yekudyidzana anowedzera kukura kwebasa pakudzidza. Rinoreva musimboti yokunyorwa kwacho. Izviwo, kunobatsira kuwedzera majini kutsoropodza rapanzvimbo chinhu. It chinotungamirwa iyi kana chinyorwa hakusi chete yakamanikana mabhuku chinoumba, asiwo Kazhinji. Izvi zvinoreva chinhu chisingadzivisiki mubatanidzwa anoranga siyana. Pakati pavo kare, uye zvemutauro, uye mishonga, uye zvepfungwa, uye masvomhu. Kana pakudzidza dzenhoroondo siyana dzazvino unyanzvi, kutodza kutsoropodza kunokosha, asi kukwana.

Textual tsoropodzo muRussia

Works zvakasikwa muna 11-17 emakore, kunyanya kumiririrwa muchimiro zvinyorwa. Izvi zvakafanorongwa kiyi zviri kwezvisikwa, kuvapo uye vakapararira dzakawanda Zvivako mabhuku Russian. Vamwezve zvinetso zvakawedzerwa kutsoropodzwa. Rewriting mabhuku vaizongoguma kutungamirira kukurasikirwa kutsiga mharidzo, kuti kupa shanduro itsva zvose. The kuzombova kuvapo chigadzirwa, ndipo rakanga kupatsanurwa. The shanduro itsva kwakaratidza unyanzvi wakakonzerwa (kana kushaiwa zvayo), mifananidzo vanofarira, zvaidiwa upenyu. A nguva iyo vakatanga kuva zvakawedzerwa - iri 16-17 emakore. rinoita kururamiswa kwakaitika izvi emakore, systematization uye rondedzero zvinyorwa.

nguva Peter

Panguva iyi, vainyatsotarisirwa rwakabhadharwa kuna mabhuku Old Russian. Zvinozivikanwa kuti pasi Chirevo 1722 mambo akarayira kuunganidza uye kuunza Petersburg Makoronike, chronograph, simba bhuku. Muna 1724 zvakanzi anosimbisa Academy of Sciences. Kubvira zvakatanga vachishingaira kudzidza pamusoro sezvivako yekare. nomupiro Great kuti adzidze Manyoro akaita Schletzer uye Miller.

mudariro itsva

In yechipiri yezana remakore rechi18 vakatanga hurongwa editsionno-zvakawedzerwa basa. Yokutanga matanho mirayiridzo iyi yaiva Bhuku "Russian Chokwadi" Makoronike Nestor. Novikov akasikwa muunganidzwa, raisanganisira mashoko anenge 300 vanyori kubvira kare. A Danho idzva hunokonzera kukura Copyright pakutanga. Editsionnye kubudirira mune European bhuku tsika, ayo nzira uye unyanzvi zvave mumabhuku mabasa Feofana Prokopovicha, Lomonosov, Sumarokov, Cantemir.

remakore rechi19

The emakore rokutanga XIX remakore vakanga kwakaratidzwa kuvandudzika unonyatsoratidza kuti mashoko acho kusvika. Nzira aishanda hunakidze Bibliographic uye bibliographical kudzidza zvinyorwa zvekare. Uyewo, uyu muitiro dzinongoita kuchinjwa kwaita ngano - kubudiswa zvinyorwa nomumukanwa okugadzira zvinhu vanhu. Mubvunzo nemagariro kuzivikanwa kwayo siyana mashoko, akapinda kuwanda vanotongwa pakutsvakurudza masayendisiti vokuMabvazuva, Makarov, Bourne. , возникали новые определения. Vandudzai dzinokosha Dzidziso zvakawedzerwa kutsoropodzwa, kwakanga tsananguro itsva.

The kwaita "kutungamirirwa kusava nechokwadi"

Mukutanga 30-ies. Remakore rechi19 chikoro chitsva. pfungwa dzake dzakanga zvikuru chokuita nepfungwa Schlozer. Sezvo musoro "chikoro chokwadi" akaita Kachenovsky. Maitiro ake kwaibva pfungwa yokuti unogona musatenda ose uchapupu zvinyorwa zvekare. Kusava nechokwadi ichi chakanga isiyo uye chiremera, uye zvazvakaipira pachena. Critical pfungwa Kachenovsky akatungamirira kuvandudza unyanzvi hunoshandiswa kudzidza chokurondedzera zvinyorwa. Iye vakajaira vaongorore chokwadi tichitarisa yomunyika ukoshi uye kusachinja-chinja mitemo mukuru munhoroondo kukura. Zvisinei, vatsigiri chikoro yaitarisira nokumunyima of Kiev nguva chete nekuti kurondedzerwa zvinhu zvakachengetwa akazotevera zvinyorwa.

kuswedera Pogodin

mutsvakurudzi uyu akakurukura pfungwa Schlozer zvairevei unyanzvi zvinyorwa. Pogodin vakasimbirira pakudzidza maBhaibheri ose acho, achishandisa unyanzvi pakati ringanidzo. Akakwanisa kuratidza fallacy kuti vakawanda dzakananga zvakabuda "vatsoropodzi". In muchidzidza Pogodin akashandisa kuongorora National uye mukuru nhoroondo ezvinhu kuwanika kuvapo uye kuparadzira chigadzirwa. Aaiita, akavapindurawo, vave dzakabudirira Buslaev.

rengano chikoro

Raiva kupfuura mumiriri Buslaev ataurwa pamusoro. Akakurukura Pfungwa chamazuva mutauro uye chevarwere ngano, ngano. chinyorwa chake kwainzi sezvo wokutanga zvakaitika okufananidza uye nhoroondo zvemutauro kuti Antiquities necheSalvic matauriro. Naizvozvo Buslaev maonero ake ose vakatsanangura munyaya inokosha maviri mavhoriyumu basa.

19-20 emakore.

Pamwe kufarirwa Vatsvakurudzi kuti akazotevera manyuko pamusoro nguva. Vakatanga yakabereka nhoroondo yokusvika mabhuku nhaka 18 uye 19 emakore. Nguva yokutanga kuti kuvandudzika National netsika ezvinhu ano zvakakosha kuita "dzinonetsa kuongorora mabhuku, negore uye munhu kuona anoshanda zvachose," yaiva hurukuro yeminda. Most pfungwa dzake dzakanga mberi mabasa Belinsky. Kurongwa muna 1841 uye zvishoma chinozoiswa basa rokupedzisira rave nezvezvandaifanira kushorwa conditionally aesthetic yokusvika mumwe mabasa itsva maonero yose nhaka pakati munyori kurongwa uye zvakasikwa kuzara.

Editsionnaya tsika

Chakasimudzira vakashanduka yekudyidzana uye pezana remakore rechi19, akasvika padunhu chechetere. Munzira dzakawanda, ichi akabatsira iumbe sangano yedzidzo basa racho mabasa. Basa iri Bhuku Zvivako yekare uye modernity nomupiro chaizvo uye vaiva Tikhonravov Buslaev. Ivo akasika muenzaniso worudzii nguva mabhuku avo zvesayenzi. Veselovsky kwakasimbiswa imwe nzira itsva philological zveBhaibheri. Yakanga zvikuru nokuda kukura zvakawedzerwa kuongorora nzira.

Activities Annenkov

At tanga Danho okukura mudzimba sayenzi zvakawedzerwa panotaurwa rakabudiswa manyuko ano izvozvo akaona vamwe pfungwa vokunyepera dzekare nyanzvi. Zvisinei, nokukurumidza, vaongorori vakatanga kutsvaka nzira dzavo. Izvi imhaka pakabudiswa munhevedzano mabasa yesayenzi uye kutsoropodza. Muna 1851 Annenkov akatanga kudzidzisa mumwe wavo. The mutsvakurudzi inoitwa mamwe mashoko Kudzidza Pushkin kuti zvinyorwa. In zvakafanana, iye akasika basa raakanga vakaunganidza zvinhu nokuda Biography Nyanduri. Vose mabasa aya vakava nhengo misoro kudzidza. Innovation Annenkov vakaonga Nekrasov, Turgenev, Dob, Chernyshevsky nevamwe.

Kuvandudza Nzira

Pauchapupu, vaongorori vakadzidza zvakawanda mabhuku okugadzira zvinhu. Basa iri dzakaona sezvo pezana remakore rechi19, yakabereka zvaioneka zvabuda. Kudiwa ndeechokwadi, Bibliographic, kukura panobva kunokonzera chidzoke uye pakukura pakutevedzera idzva mukuranga. Vanotsvakurudza vari itsva nzira vakatanga kunzwisisa kukosha Bibliographie. Mintslov, zvikurukuru, akanyora kuti pasina rokutanga basa hazvibviri kutsanangura nhoroondo mabhuku. Uye pasina izvozvo, akavapindurawo, hapana tsvakurudzo dzinokosha havagoni kubudirira.

Features systematization

Kuonekwa akapupurirawo chokwadi, avo nhoroondo mamakisi kuumbwa wechikoro kusvika akatungamirira Maikov uye Saytovym. Wokutanga akati ndakatendeka pachake mudzidzi Sreznevsky. Nokuedza masayendisiti izvi zvakabudisa dzakaunganidzwa essays Batiushkov. Mune ramangwana, pfungwa pachikoro yakananga zvakachengetedzwa anotsvaka, rokunyora nhoroondo dzeupenyu, basa pamwe matsime yakagadzirwa Modzalevsky. Akasika yakakurumbira kadhi-indekisi, zvinosanganisira 165 zviuru. Cards. Zvinonzi akaramba ari Pushkin House, muDhipatimendi of Manuscripts. Zvikurukuru rinozivikanwa mupiro wayo kudzidza Decembrists. The soro budiriro iri dzinofinha Pushkin ongororo inokurukurwa navo annotated shanduro "Pushkin. Diary", "Pushkin. Letters". Systematization emashoko anenge vaunganidza mukati philological tsvakurudzo pamusoro nhoroondo Russian mabhuku 19-20 emakore., Gave guru yakawanda duramazwi mashoko. Mavari, pakati pezvimwe zvinhu, pane mabasa Vengerov, inokosha basa Mezieres. misimboti kiyi National dzenhoroondo zvakawedzerwa saka inoumbwa kwezana remakore rechi20. Vakanga hwagara huripo panguva iyoyo editsionnom chaizvo ruzivo uye akaoma kudzokorora pfungwa Western formalist dzidziso.

nguva itsva

Pakazosvika zana remakore rechi20, St. Petersburg Academy of Science akaonekwa pakati zvakawedzerwa zveBhaibheri. It akaumba zvikoro zviviri kutungamirira. Rimwe rinotungamirirwa Shakhmatov mumwe - Chingwa. zvikoro izvi, chokwadi, akatsigira pfungwa zvikuru zvakafanana. Vakanga mubasa kudzidza rugwaro munhoroondo yacho zvisikwa uye zvose kuchinja ayo. Shakhmatov akavimba zvokuvakisa vakawana mukufamba kwomutauro zvaanorumbidza. Chingwa rinoshandiswa zvikuru mabhuku kuswedera. Shakhmatov yakatanga Chronicle mashoko kuongorora unyanzvi. Panguva iyoyowo akashandisa nheyo historicism uye pfungwa nzira yokudzidza zvinyorwa zvakaoma nenzira dzose uye shanduro. Zvikuru yakawanda nguva inopedzerwa zvekare, nhau ethnogenesis. Shakhmatov akaisa hwaro enhoroondo kudzidza mabhuku mutauro National, uyewo sayenzi zvakawedzerwa kutsoropodzwa. Kana Chingwa, wokutanga akatungamirira musangano muKiev. Pashure yokungosarudzwa kuna Academy of musayendisiti akatamira Petrograd. Akasika chete pre-echimurenga dzidziso Guide kuti Anyore Mashoko kutsoropodzwa. Basa iri rinopa mazano kunzwisisa nzira itsva. Rubvumo kwakavakirwa kuteerera kudzidza mabhuku nhoroondo kunobva.

mhedziso

A akaoma danho iri paumbwe mukuru pfungwa zvakawedzerwa kururamiswa nemitemo uye nzira kwakaitwa basa Academician Likhachev. akaita Munyori kuisa mberi pfungwa qualitatively itsva, yaibvumira kudiwa dzinotibatsira kunzwisisa uye zviri kufamba munguva kunobva. Izvi pakupedzisira inopikisanawo mechanistic pfungwa, inobva zvinodiwa kubva nenguva yapfuura chinyorwa. Nokufamba kwenguva pokushandisa munzvimbo, kunobva zvikurukuru pamusoro mhinduro matambudziko ose rokubudisa hunhu, chirango akatamira muchikwata zvitsigiro. Kugadzirwa zvakawedzerwa inoyerera rwonzi pamwe mukuru nhoroondo netsika kuchinja munyika. Pari kunorondedzerwa nzvimbo kiyi Russian zvakawedzerwa kutsoropodzwa: mabhuku yekare, ano uye ndima ano, uye ngano.