The hafu-upenyu uranium exchange: huru unhu uye kushandisa

Kudzidza Chiitiko pamusoro radioactivity, musayendisiti anoreva ichi chinokosha zvatariswa sezvo hafu-upenyu. Sezvaunoziva, mutemo kuora radioactive rinoti ose wechipiri munyika pane disintegration kwemaatomu, uye quantitative hunhu azvaiitwa kwakabatana zvakananga nhamba maatomu. Kana imwe nguva zvichave nekuwora hafu zvose iripo nhamba kwemaatomu, kuti kuora ½ pakati maatomu yasara zvinoda zvakafanana nguva. Zvinonzi nguva iyi anonzi hafu-upenyu. Akasiyana zvinhu zvakasiyana - kubva thousandths pamusoro milliseconds kune mabhiriyoni emakore, sezvo, somuenzaniso, pane nyaya kana totaura aifarira-upenyu nguva uranium exchange.

Uranium exchange ndiwo unonyanya zvose zviripo zvine maatomu akafanana zvakasikwa mamiriro munyika, kazhinji chinhu yakaisvonaka nokuda pakudzidza radioactivity kwacho. chaikosha Izvi rakaonekwa muna 1789 maererano musayendisiti wokuGermany M. Klaproth, uyo zita rokukudza ichangobva yakawanikwa nyika Uranus. Chokwadi kuti uranium exchange zviri radioactive, yakanga netsaona pana pakuguma XIX remakore parutivi French kemisiti A. Becquerel.

The hafu-upenyu kuti uranium exchange rinowanikwa nokushandisa imwe nzira sezvo runoenzanirana nguva mune dzimwe radioactive zvinhu:

T_ {1/2} = au Dr 2 = frac {Dr 2} {lambda},

apo «au» - avhareji hwose ane atomu, «lambda» - huru kuora chenguva. Sezvo Ln 2 akaenzana anenge 0,7, nehafu upenyu% chete 30 avhareji mapfupi pane yose hwose atomu.

Pasinei chokwadi kuti zuva, 14 masayendisiti anozivikanwa isotopes kuti uranium exchange zvakasikwa yavo kuitika chete matatu: uranium exchange-234, uranium exchange-235 uye uranium exchange-238. The hafu-upenyu kuti uranium exchange yakasiyana: nyaya nokuti U-234 ndiye "chete" Makore 270 chiuru, uye nehafu-upenyu uranium exchange-238 anopfuura mabhiriyoni 4,5. uranium exchange-235 hafu-upenyu huri "Zvichakadaro yendarama" - makore mamiriyoni 710.

Zvinofanira kucherechedzwa kuti uranium exchange radioactivity mu vivo zvakakwirira zvokukwanisa Somuenzaniso, imwe Photographic ndiro kuchiedza mukati chete maawa. Panguva iyoyo zvinokosha kuziva kuti kwose uranium exchange isotope U-235 ndiyo chete yakakodzera zvaAtemisi mumakomba kuti bhomba yenyukireya. The ndechokuti uranium exchange-235 hafu-upenyu muindasitiri zvakatipoteredza shoma zvikuru pane "hama" dzake, uye saka goho zvisina basa neutrons zvishoma.

uranium exchange-238, hafu upenyu zviri anopfuura bhiriyoni 4 Makore Zvisinei, iye zvino kushandiswa chaizvo mune indasitiri yenyukireya. Saka sezvo kutanga chiketani maitiro fission inorema nuclei ose chaikosha ichi vanoda chinokosha yakawanda Nyuturoni simba. 238 inoshandiswa sezvo nedziviriro fission uye Fusion namano. Zvisinei, vakawanda zvikaramba uranium exchange-238 rinoshandiswa nokuda kwetunhu plutonium zvaishandiswa zvombo zvenyukireya.

Ya nehafu upenyu uranium exchange masayendisiti kushandisa kuverenga makore wacho zvicherwa uye kwemiviri yokudenga zvavo. Uranium exchange nenguva yeko chaizvo yezvisikwa nomazviri Masvomhu dzakadaro. Panguva iyoyowo kuti zera yave dzaona zvakawanda kana zvishoma zvakarurama, zvinokosha kuziva kwete chete uwandu uranium exchange muna dzinoita siyana, asi nhamba uranium exchange uye kutungamirira sezvo yokupedzisira chigadzirwa, izvo mudzoke kuti uranium exchange musimboti.

Pane imwe nzira kuverenga matombo uye zvicherwa, inobatanidzwa anonzi vaingoerekana fission kuti uranium exchange. Sokuziva, somugumisiro wacho kwatangwa fission kuti uranium exchange dzinongoitika ezvinhu ane PARTICIPLE rakakura simba vachiwana nhamba dziri zvinhu, vachisiya kungoda rinokosha - makwara.

Ndechokuti nokuwanda pamakwara, achiziva hafu youpenyu munguva uranium exchange, uye masayendisiti akapedzisa pamusoro zera yakaoma muviri - ingava erudzi yekare, kana munhu hwakanyatsorwisa "muduku" muhari. The ndechokuti nemakore chinhu chiri Proportional kune quantitative zviratidzo zviri uranium exchange maatomu, izvo vachiwana paro zvakananga.