Biology. Enderana Group nyore

Akasiyana taxonomic mapoka nyore (mufananidzo dzimwe zvipenyu zviri munyaya ino) ikashandiswa mhuka chete-celled, kuva boka eukaryotes. Nezvimwe eukaryotes zvose, ivo zvisingapindirani kuti kazhinji ine chete sero rimwe chete, kunyange zvazvo pangava wandei. Somugumisiro, cellular pamwero sangano iri kuti soro. For taxonomic mapoka havambokwanisi zvinosanganisira zvipenyu regai runodikanwa ichi. Anenge Vamiririri vose nemaziso pakukura.

morphological uye vasiri unhu

Zvichienderana nezera ravo zvakasiyana morphological uye vasiri Kusiyanisa. Somuenzaniso, imwe husina marongerwo amoeba (havasi kunge kusiyaniswa organelles rutapudzo, inofamba kubatwa uye zvimwe zvokudya.). Uye kana isu kutaura pamusoro ciliates, sangano ravo riri chaizvo kunzwisisa. Ava vane pamusoro pellikulyarnye nyore chimiro, uye bhuku contractile fibrils, uyewo organelles inofamba, kudzivirirwa, zvokudya kubatwa uye t. D.). All taxonomic mapoka majemusi vari dzinoratidzwa mhando cellular ultrastructure, uyewo vakawanda chinangwa organelles: lysosomes, ribosomes, Golgi midziyo, endoplasmic reticulum, mitochondria. Chinoumba dvuhmembrannoy yavo takapoteredzwa goko, umo mune pores. Rine nucleoli, karyoplasm uye okutodza (kazhinji ari interphase musimboti ivo despiralizovany).

Nhamba kwemarudzi

Pari, zvikuru taxonomic mapoka akadzidza majemusi. Pane anenge 25-30 zviuru mhuka. Uye chete avo dzakafukurwa nemasayendisiti. Kuwanda sezvingatarisirwa kuitika chete kunge zvinopfuura kakati, nekuti havana kuongororwa nokuda hwokugadzira matambudziko uye dzavo nemaziso kukura. Mazana matsva mhando majemusi zvinorondedzerwa ose gore. Vose vari rakakamurwa nemakirasi mashanu: knidosporidii, ciliates, sporozoans, flagellates uye sarkodovyh. Okufananidza zvechadenga chepuraimari enderana mapoka rinobvumira kusarudza zvavo noruzhinji zvinhu. On vazhinji vavo chichakurukurwa munyaya ino.

Basa zvakasikwa

Majemusi kunowanzoitika chaizvo zvakasikwa. Anogara nzvimbo rinokosha iri cheni zvokudya, uyewo vari biosphere yose. Vakawanda vavo (ciliates, radiolarians, flagellates) vari chinokosha zvomumvura plankton. Nokukurumidza vachiwedzera, kazhinji kusvika vakawanda. tusingaoneki izvi - chinokosha chezvinonhuwira zvokudya zvomumvura zooplankton, kunyanya copepods. Kazhinji nyore (ciliates, foraminifera) vanobatanidzwa mune zvomumvura benthos, iyo yakawanikwa kubva intertidal mapazi kune rimwe kudzika kwazvo. A nhamba zvigare chinhu benthic Freshwater chikamu uye plankton. Species sezvamunoita nyore kurarama mvura yakachena, - display saprobity, i.e. kusvibisa mvura nokuda Organic zvinhu. Food vazhinji mazana hove, kusanganisira hove, muri vamwe nyore, kazhinji ciliates.

parasitic mhando

Ichi hurongwa boka majemusi zviri zvikuru zvakawanda. Zvachose rinoumbwa nemapoka maviri tupukanana - knidosporidii uye sporozoans. Zvikuru kukosha pakati majemusi aya tupukanana dzevanhu, wezvokutengeserana uye mudzimba mhuka, hove uye shiri. Nokuti kukonzera zvirwere zvevanhu zvinosanganisira giardiasis, leishmaniasis, amoebiasis, marariya. Wakakura zvikuru emombe hurwere kuti anokonzera ropa tupukanana - trypanosomiasis, theileriosis piroplasmoses.

Ichi hurongwa boka nyore akashandisa yakawanda zvakakanganisika uye yehuku (coccidiosis). Of protozoal nezvirwere hove kurima anotambura hove kunyanya hwanana zvokutengeserana. Zvikurukuru, Ichthyophthirius, parasitic ciliate (yaifananidzira pamusoro) anogona kukonzera rufu furaya. In guru chikamu knidosporidii kirasi ine tupukanana hove uye anobatsira tumbuyu - silkworms uye nyuchi. Nhasi, nenzira yokushandisa nyore izvi, kureva, microsporidia, nokuti pakurwisa zvipukanana. Kuvimbisa zvabuda vave kuwanikwa mune mirayiridzo iyi.

Marine majemusi

Ichi hurongwa boka nyore akaita basa rinokosha pakugadzirwa sedimentary namatombo. Izvi zvinoshandawo kunyanya radiolarians uye foraminifera. Vazhinji chalky deposits, limestones nezvimwe sedimentary mabwe kuumbwa panguva dzakasiyana Geological nguva nemuGungwa reservoirs, zvishomanana kana zvakazara vakaumba marangwanda (siliceous kana calcareous) Zvisaririra majemusi. Naizvozvo Micropaleontological ongororo kuitwa panguva Geological panenge pachivakwa, kunyanya mafuta kudziongorora.

Kushandisa rabhoritari tsika

Murabhoritari tsika zvikuru kushandiswa nekuve majemusi (ciliates, amoeba) nokuti biophysical tsvakurudzo, kuvabereki uye matambudziko cytological. Chidobi rabhoritari tsika zvakanaka yakagadzirwa. Protistology - ndiye nesayenzi runotaura kudzidza nyore.

microanatomy

Zviri munhu sechivako Sero nyore, kunoenderana achinyanya munzira mararamiro rudzi, uyewo yaro vasiri adaptations. Ona kuti pane nguva dzose chete kana kupfuura cores takapoteredzwa kaviri membrane. mhedziso iyi akabvumira masayendisiti kuti okufananidza kuongorora hurongwa mapoka majemusi. In musimboti vari okutodza. Kuvapo kwavo kwairayirwa mune zvipenyu zvose vakabatsirawo kuziva okufananidza unhu taxa majemusi. Photo ciliates rinotaurwa pazasi.

Neerekitironi ciliates kazhinji kuwira mhando mbiri: mumwe kana kupfuura micronuclei diki uye mumwe macronucleus guru. Masero nevamwe nyore multi-core. Major mapoka taxonomic dzinoratidzwa nokuvapo vacuoles majemusi. nzvimbo iyi anosiiwa vakasara cytoplasm membrane. Ivo zvisingapindirani zvinhu uye kukura. Vacuoles vari akapa kugaya zvokudya, uye kuti kuwanda uye Kuraswa chikukutu uye emura zvibereko muviri. Mukuwedzera, vanogona kushandiswa nokuda kugarwa pamusoro algae, izvo zvinopa varidzi, kuti ndiwo nyore zvinenge photosynthesize Organic. The vacuoles uye cytoplasm vamwe miti zvine ruvara granules. Uyezve, nechivako yavo dzinounzwa plastids - intracellular kushandiswa hurongwa ane pigments chokuita Implementation kuti photosynthesis. nhamba yavo uye chimiro kuvimba mhando, kureva kuva kupatsanura zvinodiwa. Under vamwe nyore yokunze Kamudzira marairirwo ekstrusomy, "kupfura" organelle. Izvi Somuenzaniso, mukotsisty secreting madzihwa uye trichocysts, emitting mutete filament. Zvichida kushumira kudzivirira. Tinongoenda kuita flagella. Zvichienderana mhando vanogona kuva kubva mumwe zhinji. Izvi shinda-kufanana locomotor organelles ane kunzwisisa maitiro yomunyika longitudinal microtubules. Maererano nheyo basa rayo mamiriro, ivo vakasiyana chaizvo kubva flagella utachiona. Zvikurukuru, ivo yo flagellates. Toti mashoko mashomanana pamusoro pavo voga.

Flagellate flagella akashandisa kusika mvura dzenzvimbo uye / kana pakufamba, kuti vawane zvokudya. nyore boka iri hurongwa unosanganisira muzvizhinji vane tupukanana uye vakasununguka-zvipenyu uye symbionts zvemhuka. Pane chimwe celled polienergidnye monoenergidnye uye chimiro, uyewo zvipuka zvine masero akawanda uye dzayaitonga. For flagellates vakawanda vane tsika osmotrofnomu muviri uye diki kukura masero. Kunyange varipo pakati pavo fagotrofnye guru chaizvo siyana.

Cilia flagella akafanana, asi tiri mapfupi uye nguva dzose kuumba wose zvivako ari muchitokisi uye rinoronga basa. Pakugoverwa yomufananidzo cilia pamusoro pechiso - ane chiratidzo inokosha kupatsanura kushanda taxonomic mapoka majemusi.

Zvisinei, Regai kuvabata crustaceans, dzimwe vamiririri nyore akafukidza mineralized kana makemikari chikero kana anoshongwa zvemabhomba, zvakasiyana akafanana uye mamiriro. Mukuwedzera, vanogona kuva zvakaoma intracellular marangwanda, izvo kazhinji chinhu chisinganzwisisiki zvakachinjikwa mamiriro.

chikafu

Maererano physiology, vamiririri ichi taxonomic boka muri kana autotrophs (ndiko, ivo photosynthesize Organic) kana heterotrophs (achiwana kubva kwezvakatipoteredza) kana mixotrophy (shandisa apa maviri nzira simba). Heterotrophs anogona muchayamwa kukwira pamusoro masero solutes. Muchiitiko ichi vanodanwa osmotrofami. Mukuwedzera, vanogona kumedza zvokudya zvikukutu kuburikidza dzakasiyana-siyana zvenhengo uye dzinonzi fagotrofami. Food fagotrofov zvingasanganisira zvimwe zvinenge. Zvikurukuru, vanogona kudya zvimwe majemusi. Dzimwe nguva, kuti varitore vachikuteverera zvakatapwa.

mugove

Kubva muchitokisi kupinda kwokunze svikiro Exchange hwakasimba zvigadzirwa hwokurara kushandisa Fusion vacuoles ane navo, pamwe kuruvanze membrane. It dzimwe nguva kunoitika muupenyu akazvitsaurira mugove waro (tsitoprokte, sero poroshitse). Contractile vacuoles uchipinda pumped kunze zvakawandisa mvura uye metabolic tsvina yakanyauka mariri.

mweya

Characterization taxonomic mapoka majemusi anogona vaisanganisa kubudikidza zvinoitwa afemeruke. Zvinogona kunge okisijeni isina (anaerobic) uye anoda okisijeni ezvinhu kuti Kurovedza. Okisijeni nokuti unosungira anaerobes zvinokuvadza, uye vanofa mumamiriro ezvinhu akapfuma mavari. Dzimwe dziri hwemvura nzvimbo, murombo kwavari, navanofemereka kuburikidza symbiotic utachiona. Saka mwero panguva iyo iyi kunoitika ndiko Proportional kuti tembiricha zvakananga uye kunoenderana norudzi metabolizable substrate, i.e. cleavable mamorekuru, uyewo taxonomic boka.

kubereka

Description enderana mapoka nyore zvachose kubereka unhu. Vanogona bereka asexually. Panyaya iyi, sero rakakamurwa dzinoverengeka subsidiaries. Zvisinei, vanogona kuzadzisa iyi uye unzenza, pamwe nekupinda maviri masero. dzimwe nguva nzira idzi alternated zvichienderana pane Danho upenyu yatinofema. Masero utachiona (kunzi gametes) Kubatanidza kurara kubereka kana vakachengeta kwekanguva kubatana (conjugation) kwakajairika masero mbiri, iyo inotungamira kuti kupanana nhaka zvinhu therebetween. Kana kubatanidzwa nomumwe gametes externally anenge kufanana, tiri kutaura pamusoro isogamy. Kana mumwe wavo kukura kuri yakakura, vanoti pamusoro anisogamy.

Chokwadi, isu chete muchidimbu kutsanangura hurongwa mapoka nyore. Biology - sayenzi, kudzidza izvo unogona kuona imwe nyika yose itsva. Meso edu havagoni kusiyanisa Micro-zvinenge, asi sayenzi anotibvumira kuvaona. Pamberi pedu kuonekwa nyika. Mienzaniso izvi siyana enderana mapoka majemusi. Rhizomes, sporozoans, ciliates, flagellates nezvimwe zvinenge unofadza zvikuru muzvinhu zvakawanda.