Inotungamirwa, Secondary dzidzo uye zvikoro
Chii anowanzoramba siyana nokuda alkanes
Kirasi nerimwe makemikari anogona kuratidza ehupfumi nokuda kwavo zvemagetsi marongerwo. For alkanes nezvekumwe kuzvitsinhanisa maitiro, cleavage kana samolecular oxidation. makemikari pezvakaitwa All vane yavo chaiyo aibuda pachavo, izvo chichakurukurwa mberi kukurukurwa.
Chii alkanes
Izvi zvine yeHydrocarbon yeimwe, izvo vanozivikanwa se Paraffin. mamorekuru izvi ine chete kabhoni uye rehydrogen maatomu, muri Linear kana mapazi acyclic cheni umo panongova imwe akakura. Akapiwa zvinoitwa mukirasi, unogona kuverenga chii zvakaitwa hunhu alkanes. Vanoterera nzira yose kirasi: H 2n + 2 C n.
mushonga mamiriro
Paraffin Morekuru unotora kabhoni maatomu nedzokunze sp 3 hybridization. Vose mana Valence orbitals zvakafanana chimiro, simba uye gwara iri muchadenga. Kukura pakona pakati simba kwevari 109 ° uye 28 '.
Kuvapo zvisungo vasina mune mamorekuru anosarudza chii akadaro yo alkanes. Ivo ane σ-akakura. Kukurukura pakati carbons ndiyo nonpolar uye zvakaneta polarizable, zviri zvishoma refu kupfuura C-H. Uyewo, iyo Erekitironi arambe achirema ane iya kuti ive kabhoni atomu ndiyo electronegative. The zvichiguma remubatanidzwa kunoratidzwa C-H yakaderera polarity.
kuzvitsinhanisa kuita
Zvinhu kirasi paraffins vane pasi namakemikari basa. Izvi zvinogona kutsanangurwa nesimba zvisungo pakati C-C uye C-H, izvo zvakaoma kuvhuna nokuda asiri polarity. Panobva rokuparadzwa kwavo homolytic mashandiro, sezvamakaropafadzwa wakasununguka zvikuru mhando zvinobatanidzwa. Ndokusaka alkanes vari pedyo yoku imwe kuzvitsinhanisa maitiro. Kwakadaro zvinhu vanokwanisa kutaura nemvura mamorekuru kana ions dzavanofanira kuchengeta vatakuri.
Ivo Rank vakasununguka kukuru kuzvitsinhanisa umo hydrogen maatomu inotsiviwa halogen zvinhu kana zvimwe rinoita boka. Maitiro aya anosanganisira pezvakaitwa chokuita halogenation, sulfochlorination uye nitration. Izvi kutungamirira pakugadzirira alkane nomukaka.
- Process chinotanga nucleation kudzidziswa kana cheni, umo vakasununguka radicals vari aumba. The catalysts muri manyuko ultraviolet chiedza uye kudziyisa.
- Zvadaro anovandudza cheni umo anotevedzana vanoshingaira nezvimedu vakatakura kudyidzana pamwe basa mamorekuru. Kutendeuka yavo mamorekuru uye radicals, ukuwo.
- Kwokupedzisira danho kuputsa cheni. Pane recombination kana kunyangarika yezviri inoramba. Saka wakaguma kukura nengetani kuita.
Pfungwa halogenation
Zvinonzi inobva mashandiro ose yakakura mhando. Alkane halogenation kuita kunoitika kuburikidza irradiation pamwe ultraviolet chiedza uye kudziyisa ane musanganiswa halogens uye Mahydrocarbon.
muzvikamu zvose izvi zviri pasi pokutonga kuti waiti Markovnikov. Rinotaura kuti kaviri kuzvitsinhanisa kubudikidza halogen, kunyanya rehydrogen, raiva pasi hydrogenated kabhoni. Halogenation anotora nzvimbo zvinotevera urongwa: kubva chikuru kuti tertiary kabhoni atomu.
The kwacho inoitika nani mune alkane mamorekuru pamwe refu huru yeHydrocarbon cheni. Izvi nokuda kuderera kuti ionizing simba mune mirayiridzo iyi, nefuma nyore rinonamatira Erekitironi.
Muenzaniso uri chlorination kuti methane mamorekuru. Kuitwa ultraviolet mwaranzi rinoita kukamurwa kuiisa chlorine kukuru kwemarudzi kuti aite kurwisa pamusoro alkane. Kuparadzana kunoitika uye paumbwe mabhomba rehydrogen H 3 C · kana methyl kukuru. PARTICIPLE akadaro, akavapindurawo, akarwisa samolecular kuiisa chlorine, zvichitungamirira kuparadzwa kwayo marongerwo uye kuumbwa makemikari itsva.
Panguva imwe neimwe Danho kuzvitsinhanisa muitiro rinoitwa mumwe chete rehydrogen atomu. The halogenation maitiro alkanes kunotungamirira zvishoma nezvishoma paumbwe hlormetanovoy, dichloromethane, uye trihlormetanovoy tetrahlormetanovoy Morekuru.
Schematically, zvichiitika sezvinotevera:
H 4 C + Cl: Cl → H 3 CCl + HCl,
H 3 CCl + Cl: Cl → H 2 CCl + 2 HCl,
H 2 CCl 2 + Cl: Cl → HCCl 3 + HCl,
HCCl 3 + Cl: Cl → CCl 4 + HCl.
Kusiyana chlorination kuti methane mamorekuru akatakura muitiro wakadaro nevamwe alkanes dzinoratidzwa kuwana zvinhu kuva rehydrogen kuzvitsinhanisa haasi mumwe kabhoni atomu, uye mashoma. quantitative reshiyo yavo chokuita tembiricha zviratidzo. In inotonhora ezvinhu, vasanyanye mwero inotungamirwa nomukaka pamwe tertiary, yechipiri uye chepuraimari marongerwo.
With kuwedzera tembiricha chipfuro kumhanya inotungamirwa yeimwe yakadaro inoputswa. Munguva halogenation kwacho kune simba pamusoro kunofambira mberi chinhu izvo zvinoratidza yakasiyana ndingangokuvara kudhumhana of kukuru pamwe kabhoni atomu.
Process halogenation pamwe ayodhini hakuitiki pasi kwomuzvarirwo ezvinhu. Zvakakosha kusika chaiwo ezvinhu. Kana kutarisana methane kunoitika maererano halogen kuwanika rehydrogen iodide. It Ane Zvaanoita methyl iodide somugumisiro kumira kunze kwokutanga reactants methane uye ayodhini. Zvakaitwa kwakadaro anonzi kuti reversible.
Wurtz maitiro alkanes
Ndiwo nzira chokuwana Mahydrocarbon pamwe nomuti zvakafanana, ichibata marongerwo. Sezvo reactants anoshandiswa yavaibvisa simbi, alkyl bromides kana alkyl chlorides. Avo kudyidzana akagadzirira yavaibvisa halide ikawanda yeHydrocarbon cheni inova Verengai maviri yeHydrocarbon radicals. Schematically, kubatana kwetunhu riri sezvinotevera: R-Cl Cl-R + + 2Na → R-R + 2NaCl.
Wurtz maitiro alkanes runobvira chete kana halogens mu mamorekuru avo vari chikuru kabhoni atomu. Semuenzaniso, CH 3 -CH 2 -CH 2 Br.
Kana panguva kutamba pamusoro galogenuglevodorododnaya musanganiswa yeimwe maviri, ari condensation matatu akasiyana nengetani akaumba chigadzirwa. Muenzaniso uyu zvinogona kushanda yavaibvisa alkane kudyidzana pamwe chloromethanes uye hloretanom. The goho riri musanganiswa dzine butane, propane uye ethane.
Kunze yavaibvisa, zvinobvira kuti kushandisa dzimwe alkali nesimbi, izvo zvinosanganisira lithium kana potassium.
gadzira sulfochlorination
It inonziwo Reed zvakaitwa. Ndezvemhuri panheyo vakasununguka kutsiviwa. Izvi mhando kuita Ndiwo alkanes kuti zvinoitwa musanganiswa sarufa yakasviba uye samolecular kuiisa chlorine pamberi ultraviolet mwaranzi.
The kwacho kunotanga mharuro cheni mashandiro, sezvamakaropafadzwa kuiisa chlorine yakawanikwa kubva radicals maviri. Imwe Kurwisa alkane kuti tibvunze kuti alkyl nezvimedu uye mamorekuru rehydrogen chloride. By yeHydrocarbon kukuru kurerekera kuumba sarufa yakasviba dzakaoma inoramba. Kudzikamisa kubatwa kunoitika chete kuiisa chlorine atomu neimwe Morekuru. Kwokupedzisira acho ane alkane sulfonyl chloride, rinoshandiswa mune kwetunhu pamusoro-basa yeimwe.
Schematically, muitiro anotarira seizvi:
CLCL → hv ∙ Cl + ∙ Cl,
HR + ∙ Cl → R ∙ + HCl,
R ∙ + OSO → ∙ RSO 2,
∙ RSO 2 + ClCl → RSO 2 Cl + ∙ Cl.
The pezvakaitwa chokuita nitration
Alkanes vakaitei nemashoko nitric asidhi mune mhinduro 10% uye tetravalent senitrogen oxide vari gaseous ezvinhu. Zvemupiro parinowanika zvakakwirira tsika tembiricha (anenge 140 ° C) uye pasi kumanikidzwa tsika. Panguva goho ikabereka nitroalkanes.
Muitiro vakasununguka-yakakura mhando mazita musayendisiti Konovalov, akazarura nitration usage: CH 4 + HNO 3 → CH 3 NO 2 + H 2 O.
The mashandiro kuti cleavage
Nokuti kwese alkane dehydrogenation uye Cracking. Methane Morekuru kaviri yakakwana chafariz manyowa.
The chikuru mashandiro ari pamusoro siyana ndiyo cleavage kwemaatomu kubva alkanes.
dehydrogenation urongwa
Kana raiparadzanisa hydrogen maatomu pamusoro kabhoni marangwanda pamusoro paraffins, kunze methane vari vakawana unsaturated yeimwe. Kwakadaro nemakemikari pamusoro alkanes kwakaedzwa panguva mukuru tembiricha (400 600 ° C) uye pasi chiito accelerators sezvo Platinum, nickel, chromium oxides uye aruminiyamu.
Kana mubasa zvakaitwa ethane kana propane mamorekuru, ipapo zvinhu ayo achava ethene kana propene pamwe chete chisungo kaviri.
The dehydrogenation mana kana mashanu kabhoni marangwanda akawana diene akakura. Kubva akaumba butane-1,3 butadiene uye 1,2-butadiene.
Kana varipo vari kuita zvinhu pamwe 6 kana kupfuura kabhoni maatomu, kuti benzene aumbwa. It ane anonhuhwirira mhete vatatu kaviri zvisungo.
The muitiro chokuita manyowa
Under yakakwirira tembiricha maitiro alkanes vanogona kupfuura pamwe mukaha kabhoni zvisungo uye inotungamirwa vanoshingaira mhando yakakura mhando. pezvakaitwa vakadaro se Cracking kana pyrolysis.
Muchidziisa reactants kuti tembiricha kwazvo 500 ° C, kunoguma manyowa pamusoro mamorekuru umo vari vakaumba wemisanganiswa dzakaoma kuti alkyl-mhando radicals.
Patinoita pasi simba kudziyisa pamusoro pyrolysis pakati alkanes ane kabhoni cheni urefu yakafanira kuwana yakazara uye unsaturated yeimwe. Inonzi chafariz Cracking. Izvi rinoshandiswa kusvikira pakati pezana remakore rechi20.
The drawback chaiva kuwana Mahydrocarbon ane pasi octane nhamba (asingasviki 65), saka akatsiviwa cracking walnut tiwedzere. The kwacho kunoitika panguva kutonhora zviri pazasi 440 ° C, uye zvinetso asingasviki 15 atmospheres, pamberi ane aluminosilicate akisarareta kusunungurwa alkanes ane mapazi marongerwo. Muenzaniso uri pyrolysis pamusoro methane: 2Mak 4 → T ° C 2 H 2 + 3 2. The akaumba acetylene uye samolecular rehydrogen panguva kuita.
The Morekuru anogona pasi methane kutendeuka. To ichi kuita zvinoda mvura uye nickel tiwedzere. The goho musanganiswa carbon monoxide uye rehydrogen.
Oxidation pezvakaitwa
The nemakemikari kuti anowanzoramba alkane chokuita Erekitironi rova.
Pane car-oxidation pamusoro paraffins. Kunosanganisira wakasununguka zvikuru mashandiro pamusoro oxidation ose nomuti Mahydrocarbon. Munguva zvakaitwa, mura danho alkane hydroperoxide yapihwa. Pakutanga Paraffin Morekuru ikasakendenga pamwe okisijeni iri dzinounzwa zvinoshingaira radicals. Next, alkyl PARTICIPLE interacts mumwe Morekuru O 2, vakawana ∙ Roo. Sezvo peroxy kukuru ane mafuta asidhi iri atsvaka alkane Morekuru, uye ndokusunungurwa hydroperoxide. Muenzaniso uri autooxidation pamusoro ethane:
C 2 H 6 + O 2 → ∙ C 2 H 5 + HOO ∙,
∙ C 5 H 2 O 2 → ∙ + OOC 2 H 5,
∙ OOC 2 H 5 + C 2 H 6 → HOOC 2 H 5 + ∙ C 2 H 5.
Nokuti alkane dzinoratidzwa zvakaitwa combustion kuti vari kunyanya nemakemikari ehupfumi, kuona murwiyo ane mafuta. Ndivo oxidative zvakasikwa chete akabuda kupisa: 2C 2 H 6 + 7O 2 → 4CO 2 + 6 2 O.
Kana muitiro uyu kuchengetwa duku okisijeni, kuguma chigadzirwa zvinogona divalent kabhoni kana carbon monoxide, zvakatemwa kubudikidza wevasungwa kuti O 2.
Mune oxidation pamusoro alkanes nokupesvedzera CATALYTIC zvinhu uye nenharo kusvika 200 ° C vari vakawana doro Morekuru, aldehyde kana carboxylic acid.
MUENZANISO ethane:
C 2 H 6 + O 2 → C 2 H 5 OH (panyaya iyi),
C 2 H 6 + Haiwa 2 → CH 3 Cho + H 2 O (ethanal uye mvura)
2C 2 H 6 + 3O 2 → 2Mak 3 COOH + 2h 2 O (ethanoic asidhi uye mvura).
Alkanes zvinogona oxidized pasi zvinoitwa cyclic peroxides trinomial. Izvi zvinosanganisira dimethyl dioxirane. Mugumisiro ndiyo oxidation pamusoro paraffins doro Morekuru.
Representatives paraffins regai kupindura KMnO 4 kana potassium permanganate, uyewo bromine mvura.
isomerization
On alkanes Paaiita kuzvitsinhanisa mhando maitiro ane electrophilic mashandiro. Izvi anonzi isomerization pamusoro kabhoni cheni. Catalyzes muitiro uyu aruminiyamu chloride, iyo vakaita ane nomuti Paraffin. Muenzaniso uri isomerization pamusoro butane Morekuru, inova 2-methylpropane: C 4 H 10 → C 3 H 7 CH 3.
gadzira uhwiro
Zvine zvinhu mu kane huru kabhoni cheni kabhoni maatomu matanhatu kana kupfuura, vanogona kuitisa dehydrocyclization. Nokuti pfupi mamorekuru havasi yo ichi kuita. Zvinoguma dzose-membered nhanhatu mhete sezvo cyclohexane uye nomukaka ayo.
In pamberi kuita accelerators, ndokupfuura mberi dehydrogenation yokutendeutsa kuva yakatsiga zvikuru benzene mhete. It kunoitika rokutendeutsa acyclic Mahydrocarbon kuti aromatics kana nhandare. Muenzaniso uri dehydrocyclization pamusoro hexane:
H 3 C-CH 2 - CH 2 - CH 2 - CH 2 -CH 3 → C 6 H 12 (cyclohexane)
C 6 H 12 → C 6 H 6 + 3h 2 (benzene).
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