Kuipa kutambudzwa munhoroondo yevanhu. Kurwadziswa mumisasa yevasungwa

Torture unonzi siyana zvinetso zviduku kuti nokuitika zvose panhu parlance. Tsanangudzo iyi anogamuchira dzidzo misikanzwa vana, kwenguva refu amire tungamidzana, hombe mbatya, dzomucheka hwakazotevera ironing uye kunyange yokubikira muitiro. Zvose izvi, Chokwadi, inogona kurwadza zvikuru uye kusingafadzi (kunyange kuukuru uchimhanya kuti pamwero mukuru kunobva hunhu uye mafungiro womunhu), asi unenge usisina kutombofanana yakaipisisa kurwadziswa munhoroondo yevanhu. Practice kubvunzurudzwa "ne rusaruro" uye dzimwe chisimba vasungwa kwakaitika zvinenge zvose kunyika zvenyika. The nguva puranga riri haana kunotsanangurwa, asi nekuti murume ano iri mupfungwa pedyo yakati zvichangobva kuitika, zvino pfungwa dzake pedyo nzira uye midziyo inokosha akazogadzira muzana remakore rechimakumi maviri, kunyanya mune musasa wevasungwa German Third Reich. Asi pakanga yekare Oriental uye Ages kurwadziswa. VaNazi vakadzidzisa vazvo kubva Japanese counterintelligence, uye dzimwe NKVD mapurisa zvakafanana muchivande. Saka nei zvose chisekeso ichi yevanhu?

Zvinoreva shoko rokuti

Chokutanga, kutanga kudzidza chero nyaya kana Fani, chero mutsvakurudzi kuedza kutsanangura nayo. "Zvakanaka kudana - kare hafu kunzwisisa," - anoti Chinese chirevo.

Saka kurwadziswa - the infliction kutambura anoziva. Hazvina basa hunhu kurwadziswa, zvingava kwete chete panyama (muchimiro marwadzo, nyota, nzara kana Kusarara kana zvichibvira), asi tsika uye mafungiro. Nenzira, kupfuura kutambudzwa munhoroondo yevanhu, sezvo mutemo, nokubatanidza zvose "mugero migumisiro."

Asi hazvisi bedzi chokwadi kutambura. Yokudeura kurwadziwa inonzi kurwadziswa. Hazvina kusiyana kurwadziswa purposefulness. Nemamwe mashoko, munhu arohwa neshamhu, kana akarembera rack nokuda chikonzero, uye kuitira kuti kuti mugumisiro zvimwe mhando. Kushandisa mhirizhonga, kukurudzira wacho kureurura, akazivisa mashoko akavanzika, uye dzimwe nguva vairangwa upi mhosva kana mhosva. Muzana remakore rechimakumi maviri awedzera kuti ndandanda zvichiita zvinangwa kurwadziswa imwe pfungwa: dzimwe nguva anotambudza mumisasa yevasungwa dzakaitwa kudzidza nhengo paakanzwa saregerereka ezvinhu kuziva panogumira zvatinokwanisa dzevanhu. kuedza aya kuzivikanwa muNuremberg Tribunal utsinye uye ekunyebera, kuti haana kurega kudzidza migumisiro pashure pokukundwa Nazi Germany ne unyanzvi-physiologists nokukunda kuchaita nyika.

Rufu kana dare

Vanosarudzwa chiito kunoratidza kuti mushure mekugamuchira migumisiro, kunyange zvinotyisa kurwadziswa iri munhoroondo yevanhu ikanyarara. Kuramba kwavo hapana njere. Chinzvimbo kuuraya-Executor, ave mutemo, vakabata nenyanzvi anoziva nzira kurwadziwa nemamiriro zvepfungwa, kana kwete zvose, zvikuru, uye vanopedza kuedza ake pamusoro musoro kudheerera haana musoro. Pashure kuziva vakaurayiwa mhosva zvinogona kumirira, zvichienderana dhigirii yebudiriro kwenzanga, pakarepo rufu kana kurapwa muedzo yaizotevera. Zviri pamutemo tambirika chirango pashure mibvunzo partisan panguva kuongorora zvakanga yo kuri Justice muGermany muna Hitler yaitonga uye kutanga kwe "pezvakaitwa akazaruka" Stalin waMwari (Shakhty pezvaitika, yavasina Industrial Party, kuponda pakati Trotskyists, uye zvichingodaro. D.). Pashure pakuumba mukwirirwi zvinotonzi chitarisiko chavo dzakatsarukana vakapfeka zvokupfeka uye akaratidza pachena. Kuputswa tsika, vanhu kazhinji akateerera akadzokorora zvose kuti vakamanikidzwa kubvuma kuti vaongorori. Kutambudzwa uye Kuuraya kupfeka rukova. uchapupu chokwadi haana basa. Uye muGermany, uye USSR 30-ies pokureurura kupomerwa kwainzi ari "mambokadzi uchapupu" (A. Ya. Vyshinsky, USSR Muchuchisi). Noutsinye kurwadziswa raishandiswa chinangwa wokugamuchira nawo.

Ngozi kurwadziswa pakati Raibvunzurudza

Kwete chete pane munda nezvebasa (asi kugadzirwa zviridzwa yokuuraya), vanhu ndiko kubudirira zvakadaro. Zvinofanira kucherechedzwa kuti muzana remakore rapfuura, pane vamwe regression, ichienzaniswa kare. European mutongo uye kurwadziswa vakadzi kuMiddle Ages zvakaitwa, sezvo mutemo, mhosva chokuuka, asi chikonzero chinonyanya kazhinji kuyevedza ari anotambudzika rechipfuwo. Zvisinei, dzimwe nguva Raibvunzurudza akashora uye vaya chaizvoizvo vakaita zvakaipisisa kwemhosva, asi chaizvo iyoyo zvakajeka rakarongerwa mhosva. Hazvinei refu sei vakanga vachitambura, vakagumisa mumwe musungwa afa. Sezvo mutongo pfuti vaigona kushandisa mhandara Iron, Copper nzombe moto kana kurondedzerwa Poe zvakavamba kuchinja unopinza unopinza, nenzira yacho kunyura kusvika omuJudha chipfuva padiki padiki. Zvinotyisa achitambudza mumwe Raibvunzurudza vane refu uye pamwe sanzwisisika mutsika kushushikana. A rokutanga kuongorora aigona kuitwa nokushandiswa dzimwe tsanzira zvemaziso mano kuti kunonoka kugaya nemafupa minwe uye maoko nemakumbo uye tsandanyama shwashwa atsamwira. Nhumbi dzakakurumbira vaiva sezvinotevera:

- simbi zvishoma nezvishoma mumatope peya, rinoshandiswa kuti kunyanya yakagozha kurwadziswa vakadzi kuMiddle Ages;

- "Spanish majombo";

- Spanish munhu cheya pamwe okusungisa uye mbaura nokuda makumbo uye magaro;

- Iron bhurezha (pectoral), zvaipfekwa pamusoro chipfuva muchimiro dzvuku-inopisa;

- "makarwe 'uye anokosha pingisi kupwanya murume nhengo dzokubereka nadzo.

Mune vaurayi Raibvunzurudza raiva danda nezvimwe nenhumbi, izvo zviri nani kwete kuziva vanhu tisanzwe psyche.

East, zvekare uye zvemazuva ano

Pasinei tsanzira vavambi chlenovreditelnoy European ano, asi zvikuru zvinotyisa kurwadziswa munhoroondo vanhu tega asi kuMabvazuva. The Raibvunzurudza akashandisa simbi Ezvemutauro akanga dzimwe nguva rakaoma kunzwisisa zvikuru nemagadzirirwo Asia vaida zvose zvakasikwa, dzinongoitika (nhasi, mari idzi kunganzi eco ushamwari). Tupukanana, miti, mhuka - zvose zvakanga zviri zvitange. Oriental kurwadziswa uye nokuurayiwa vane chinangwa dzakafanana European, asi zvazviri yakasiyana nguva uye mukuru Sophistication. Old vaurayi Persian Somuenzaniso, aiita scaphism (kubva mushoko rechiGiriki "skafium" - chake muchimwiro). Akuvara kuita chinhu nengetani, akasungirirwa muchimwiro, kumanikidzwa kudya uchi uye kunwa mukaka, ipapo muviri wose akazorwa inonaka mudonzvo, uye vazodzikisa kupinda doro. Bloodsucking Zvipembenene vapenyu zvishoma nezvishoma vakadya dzevanhu. Just kana paiva yeChirango riri churu, uye kana anotambudzika pasi kupiswa zuva rinopisa, chinofanira kucheka puschih kutambudzwa nokusingaperi. Paiva kumwe kutambudzwa umo pezvokuvamba chaivo hurongwa akashandiswa. Somuenzaniso, zvinozivikanwa kuti yemishenjere inokura nokukurumidza, paminiti mita pazuva. Simply ugoisa akuvara chinhambwe pamusoro majaya mabukira, madzinde akaguranya muromo jeko angled. Takaedza kudya nguva yokufunga zvakare, kureurura zvose uye kupa shamwari. Kana ari kutsungirira, zvichava kunonoka uye kurwadza Simone zvinomera. chisarudzo chakadaro anopiwa, kunyange nguva dzose.

Kurwadziswa sezvo pokubvunzurudzwa nzira

Uye kuMiddle Ages, uye gare gare nguva siyana kurwadziswa acho kwete chete kune inquisitors nevamwe pamutemo monstrous zvivako, asiwo munhuwo vehurumende nhasi kunzi vatevedzere mutemo. Akapinda yakatarwa okuongorora wobvunzisisa maitirwe ezvinhu. Sezvo yechipiri yezana XVI remakore kuRussia aiita marudzi akasiyana muviri zvinokonzerwa, akadai: chiwepu, nechidzitiro, pani, ichipfuta nembato uye moto rakavhurika, kunyudza mumvura, uye zvichingodaro. Vakambovhenekerwa Europe haana kusiyana Humanism, asi tsika inoratidza kuti mune zvimwe zviitiko, kurwadziswa, kunyadziswa, uye kunyange kutya rufu haina nebumbiro panguva chokwadi. Uyezve, pane dzimwe nguva, munhu aida kubvuma mhosva zvinonyadzisa, vachisarudza havo pakuguma dzisingaperi chinokatyamadza uye kurwadziwa. Dzinozivikanwa zvakaitika Miller kurangarira iro rinodana akanyorwa pamusoro pediment rechiFrench mumuzinda kururamisira. Akatora pamusoro womumwe mhosva pasi kurwadziswa, akanga aurayiwa, asi nokukurumidza chaikonzera chaiyo akabatwa.

Abolition nokurwadziswa munyika dzakasiyana

Pakupera ari XVII remakore, zvishoma nezvishoma kubva tsika kurwadziswa uye kuchinja kubva kunomumwe, zvikuru kuda nzira muvhunzo. Mumwe mugumisiro Kujekerwa nokuziva kuti hazvisi utsinye kurangwa, asi ayo pekusadziviririka deters mhosva basa. In Prussia, kurwadziswa aparadza kubva 1754, nyika ino ndiye akatanga kuisa kutongwa yake basa revanhu. Masero akaenda translationally siyana inoti akatevera suit zvinotevera urongwa:

Cherechedza:

*) The mitemo-siyana cantons muSwitzerland vakachinja panguva dzakasiyana kwenguva.

Special panotaurwa kuwana nyika mbiri - Britain uye Russia.

Ekaterina Velikaya Akabvisa kurwadziswa muna 1774, vakapa chakavanzika chirevo. Izvi, kune rumwe rutivi, vakaramba kuchengeta mbavha ndikunde, asi, Ukuwo, kuratidza chido kutevera pfungwa Kujekerwa. Zviri pamutemo formalized Chisarudzo ichi kare Alexander I muna 1801.

Kana England, ipapo zvakarambidzwa kurwadziswa muna 1772, asi kwete vose, asi chete vamwe.

zvisiri pamutemo kurwadziswa

Legislative kurambidzwa zvaisareva wakakwana kubviswa muitiro pre-kutongwa kuongorora. Munyika dzose, pakanga vamiririri mapurisa wemunda, vakagadzirira kuputsa mutemo muzita nokukunda rake. Chimwe chinhu ndechokuti zviito zvavo rwaiitwa zvisiri pamutemo, uye nyaya dzokuteerera kwavaiitwa zvepamutemo kusunga. Chokwadi, uye nzira zvachinja yekudyidzana. Zvinodiwa "kushanda nevanhu" kunyatsofunga, pasina kusiya zvisaririra zvinoonekwa. Muna XIX uye XX emakore ari kosi vaiva vaanotonga vari rinorema, asi ane nyoro pamusoro, zvakadai sandbags, nemvumi mavhoriyamu (ndyaringo ezvinhu wakaratidzwa chokwadi kuti vakawanda izvi zvaiva zvepamutemo Codes), rabha hoses uye zvichingodaro. N. Musabva pasina tichifunga uye nzira tsika kumanikidzwa. Vamwe vaongorori vane dzimwe nguva mungozi zvikuru zvirango, upenyu hurefu, uye kunyange zvaisarudza kundorwa nehama. Izviwo, akatambudzwa. The rinotyisa kwakaita pre-achiedzwa nevasungwa, akavakurudzira vanoreurura kutaurirana pachavo uye kuwana usina mirango, kusvikira norufu. Vazhinji mapurisa kuita basa ravo nokutendeseka, kudzidza uchapupu uye achiunganidza uchapupu kuti mharidzo musoro mhosva. Zvose zvakachinja pashure kuuya nesimba mune dzimwe nyika pevatongi uye okudzvinyirira hwoudzvinyiriri. Zvino XX remakore.

In Soviet Russia,

Pashure October Revolution pakati 1917 munharaunda yaimbova Russian Empire, hondo yakatanga, umo maviri anorwisana mapato kazhinji havazvioni akasungwa nemirayiro zvemitemo, aimbova madikanwa namambo. Kurwadziswa vasungwa vehondo kuitira kuti vawane ruzivo pamusoro muvengi uye vaiita White Guard pakaunda-uchenjeri uye KGB. Panguva Red Kutya vakanga kazhinji vaurayiwa, asi kushungurudzwa vamiririri "hwokushandisa kirasi", iro kuverengwa pakati vafundisi uye kwamachinda, uye vakapfeka zvakanaka "vanatenzi", akatora vakawanda hunhu. Munguva maviri, thirties uye forties NKVD akashandisa wairambidza nzira kuferefeta, nokunyima yevaifungidzirwa kurara, zvokudya, mvura, kurova uye mutilating navo. Izvi zvakaitwa pamwe mvumo basa, uye dzimwe nguva yake mirayiridzo yakananga. Chinangwa chaiva kuziva chokwadi Kashoma - udzvanyiriri akaita kutyisidzira uye kushora dzendege kwaiva kuwana siginicha pamusoro mushumo yaichengeta kuziva aipikisana basa, uye kuchera vamwe. Kazhinji, Stalin "vejeri" haana kushandisa kurwadziswa mano, kugutsikana svikika zvinhu zvakadai paperweights (ravaitsigira pamusoro), kana kunyange zvake mukova, izvo NIP nemimwe uye dzimwe yakabudikira nhengo dzomuviri.

In Nazi Germany

Kurwadziswa mumisasa zvakasikwa pashure kuuya nesimba Hitler, zvakasiyana mumagadzirirwo kubva kare kushandiswa kuti chinhu vasinganzwisisike musanganiswa vokumativi European Sophistication kushanda. Pakutanga, "majeri" izvi kusikirwa mhosva vokuGermany uye vamiririri zviduku National, ndokurondedzera noruvengo (vechiGypsy uye vaJudha). Zvino kwezana kuedza, izvo vakanga chimiro nesayenzi, asi utsinye akapfuura yakaipisisa kurwadziswa munhoroondo yevanhu.
Mukuedza kusika mushonga uye yokudzivirira vanachiremba eNazi kubva SS raitongwa ngozi majekiseni kuti vasungwa, nokushanda yakaitwa pasina yokutindivadza, kusanganisira abdominal, muchando vasungwa nenzara kupisa yavo, haana kuvabvumira kuti kurara, kudya uye kunwa. Saka vaida kutanga zvemichina "kugadzirwa" Varwi akakwana, haana kutya kutonhora, kupisa uye kukuvara husingakwanisi zvine chepfu uye zvirwere utachiona. Nhoroondo kurwadziswa panguva Second World War, nokusingaperi chinopinda mazita vanachiremba uye Pletner Mengele akava, pamwe nevamwe vamiririri tsotsi mushonga Nazi, epitomized utsinye. Ivo kuitwawo kuedza kuti gumbo dzikawedzerwa nomuviri kudhonza, kudzipa vanhu dzakaonda mudenga, uye vamwe zvakaitika kuti akaita kwakakura kurwadziwa kwakatora dzimwe nguva kwemaawa.

Kurwadziswa kwevakadzi nevaFascist vaibata ainyanya pamwe pokumuka nzira achibvisa kubva pamuviri basa. Vakadzidza nzira dzakasiyana - kubva nyore (nokubviswa dumbu) kuti akaoma, aiva takunda Reich vakawanda chikumbiro maonero (nemwaranzi uye nemakemikari chokupfeka).

All dzakaguma pamberi Victory, muna 1944, apo mumusasa vakatanga chokusunungura Soviet uye sungano mauto. Kunyange chitarisiko vasungwa vakataura zvinonzwika kupfuura chero uchapupu pachako zviri mune utsinye ezvinhu akanga kurwadziswa.

Current chinzvimbo

Torture vaNazi akava mwero kuomarara. Pashure pokukundwa Germany muna 1945 vanhu kufema tariro kuti izvi hazvingaitiki zvakare vachifara. Zvinosuruvarisa kunyange kana pamwero muduku, asi nyama kurwadziswa, chisekeso kuremekedzwa kwevanhu uye tsika kudzikisirana mamwe zvinotyisa nezviratidzo ano. Dzakabudirira, vachizivisa kuzvipira kwavo dzevanhu nerusununguko, vachitsvaka pamutemo pokunzvenga napo kuti kusika chaiwo munzvimbo kuremekedza mitemo yavo pachavo tingasarudza. Vasungwa mumajeri epachivande kwemakore kupesvedzera chakavanzika mapurisa asina mhosva mhosva chaizvo. Nzira dzakashandiswa vechiuto munyika dzakawanda panguva omunharaunda uye zvikuru kurwisana nezvombo pachinhu vasungwa uye kungoti vavaifungira kuti vanonzwira tsitsi muvengi, mukuru dzimwe nguva utsinye Ages kurwadziswa nokunyadziswa yevanhu mumisasa yevasungwa yeNazi. Panguva dzakawanda kuongorora kuti neizvi dzakadaro kazhinji pane zvinhu sezvazviri zvinobvira kuchengeta miviri mitemo apo hondo mhosva mumwe mapato zvakazara kana pamwe kuteerera.

Pachava idzva nguva Kuvhenekerwa, kana kurwadziswa kana, pakupedzisira, pakupedzisira uye zvachose vakaziva nokunyadziswa vanhu uye kurambizwe navo? Saka kure, tariro iyi zvishoma ...