Kushanduka munyika Currency hurongwa zvishoma. Zvokukura Kushanduka yose mari hurongwa

Kushanduka munyika Currency hurongwa rinotungamirirwa pamuviri unongotaura. Zvinonzi kunoyerwa chikuru nzendo kukura kwete chete nenyika asiwo National upfumi. Dzimwe nguva, misimboti nyika mari hurongwa rinotanga nezvinotaurwa nemamiriro upfumi hwenyika, kwete dzinoenderana kuparadzira zvinhu pakati mikuru nzvimbo. Izvi zvinotisvitsa MFR dambudziko. Currency kuzvipokanidza simuka somugumisiro asiri zvaidiwa pamusoro STRUCTURAL misimboti yose nomazviri kuchinja mamiriro okuwana, zvokutengeserana uye kuparadzira mauto munyika. Kushanduka munyika mari mugadziriro, izvo zvichaita kuti zvishoma kunyorwa pazasi, akatsunga nokuda nezvinodiwa nenyika uye pasi pose upfumi, tinofanira kushandura pakuenzanisa mauto. Chete mukana wokushandiswa uye variability, kukwanisa kuchinja mamiriro ezvinhu nhumbi zvemari, uye akapa hwaro kuvapo uye kukura vanhu ano.

Main zvinhu: dzidziso yacho yose mari hurongwa

MBC akurirwa yeminzwa nzira inotungamirwa ake pamberi tora urongwa ano. Nokuti zvose zvayo kare kukura wegadziriro mazano zvakachinjwa 4 nguva, achiperekedzwa kuMudzidzisi Mutongo dzakawanda musangano. Pasi kushandura zita mamiriro pacharo, unotanga anoenderana zita reguta apo musangano yakaitwa.

Funga nzendo Kushanduka yose mari hurongwa:

• The Paris wemuTesitamende 1867, inozivikanwa se "nzira yemandorokwati". Nokuti mumwe nomumwe National mari zvakanga zvakafanana endarama zvirimo, kwakavakirwa iro vakatsinhanisa mamwe dzeEurope kana goridhe. Paiva zvinoyangarara Gengi.
• Genoese wemuTesitamende 1922, inozivikanwa se "ndarama Exchange mureza". Kuwedzera reserves goridhe, mumwe mari chakatsigirwa munyika kutungamirira zvoupfumi mari munyika, vainyanya British paundi hwakakwirira.
• The Bretton Woods wemuTesitamende 1944, inozivikanwa se "dhora mureza". A chinodiwa kuti paumbwe hurongwa ave achishanda kukura America muna yepashure pehondo. Gold rave kushandiswa vashoma.
• Monetary kwava 1976 - 78 makore, inozivikanwa se "mureza inokosha anomukweretesa matanho." CRA akaita midziyo youduku (specialized kunyora kuti IMF nhoroondo). Pakatanga SDR imhaka nechido kunyika dzose kuwana nokugarika zvakaita nemisha dzakawanda.

"The Gold Standard"

Kushanduka munyika Currency hurongwa yakatanga "yemandorokwati", iro kushanda kubva 1867 kusvikira 20s remakore rechi20. Paumbwe mari mamiriro akanga kwatangwa. Mukuru riwedzere nokuda MBC Paris sehofisi kwemaindasitiri remakore rechi19 uye kuwedzera nendarama mureza dzakawanda dzaishandiswa. The chikuru zvechadenga mari ichaita vaiva zvinotevera:

• Yakamisirwa nendarama chisimbiso munyika dzeEurope.
• Basa yezvisikwa zvinoreva muripo uye nyika mari wouprofita goridhe.
• Banknotes achine CB achinja ndarama pasina chinotitadzisa. At mumwoyo Exchange vaiva parities goridhe. The kutsaudzira of Gengi kubvumirwa mukati mari parities, iyo yakaumbwa pamwero wakasimba.
• In dzakawanda motokari, pamwe ndarama vakaziva paundi.
• Nechomukati, mari nerubatsiro maererano reserves ndarama mamiriro, iyo yaibva waidzora nengaidzo vachibhadhara kurayira inotaura.
• Kushaya nepakati vachibhadhara yakanga yakafukidzwa nendarama.
• Pakati States akanga akasununguka kufamba nendarama.

Danho iri kukura haisi inonyatsobudirira, kwete musoro, izvo zvasvika pakupedzisira Kushanduka yose mari hurongwa. Paris mari ezvinhu aitambura asiri zvaidiwa mitemo yose mari pamusika vechikamu. Kuyerera yendarama pakati munyika haisi nguva dzose zvazviri. England wakaitwa nzvimbo mukuru zvemari mamiriro, inodzora kwete chete kubhengi mubereko asiwo chekubuda goridhe. Chikuru Chikonzero pakukura ari "nzira yemandorokwati" hakusi kubudirira kwayo sezvo hurongwa, uye zvakanaka kwemashoko upfumi hwenyika iri prewar munguva.

"Gold Exchange mureza"

Zvokukura Kushanduka yose mari mamiriro dzinosanganisira pakudzorwa ari "ndarama Exchange mureza", kwakaitika kubvira muna 1922 kusvika makore 30. Pashure peHondo Yenyika Yokutanga yakanga ndaneta pacharo uye zvose vavatorwa mamiriro ezveupfumi pakati penyika mbiri vakadzorerwa, panodikanwa kuti vaumbe MBC itsva. Panguva musangano, mubvunzo akarererwa kuGenoa kuti capitalist munyika haisi ndarama yakakwana waidzora ukama chidimbu vemamwe wezvokutengeserana kugarwa nevamwe kushandiswa. Kuwedzera nendarama, uye vokuBritain pondo , kwakasarudzwa kuti ape US dhora. Two mari vatora pamusoro pebasa international muripo nhumbi uye akagamuchira zita Mashoko. System akatora Germany uye Australia, Denmark uye Norway. Maererano ayo Misimboti hurongwa ranyura zvachose kunoenderana nowakautangira wayo, Paris maitiro. Gold parities vakanga vakaramba, uye basa mari nyika yakanga ichiri tipiwe goridhe. Kushanduka munyika Currency hurongwa zvakakonzera chokwadi kuti vamwe Banknotes nenyika haana kumbochinja goridhe uye dzimwe mari, anonzi Mashoko kuti chete ipapo vakatsinhanisa nderendarama Gráfica.

Paumbwe wokutanga vajairira

World mari maitiro uye avo shanduka, kunyanya kuitwa pakati "ndarama Exchange mureza", kwakaita kuti paumbwe vajairira vamwe nyika panorumwe rokutanga. Paiva vaviri chete zvinogona National mari mukutsinhana goridhe. Uyu zvakananga, aida kuti makirogiramu uye madhora, izvo airidza basa masirogani, uye zvisina kunanga, nokuti dzimwe mari munyika. In ichi Consolidated MBC akashandisa imwe zvinoyangarara Gengi. Uchishandisa dzimwe vanochinjanwa kupindira, marudzi enyika vaisungirwa kutsigira chero nyika mari zvarakasiya. Ndicho kuparadzirwa wokumwe Exchange reserves pakati inoti vakaumba hwaro inotungamirwa ukama.

Gold Exchange mureza haana refu chikuru MBC. Mushure liquidation pamusoro dambudziko 1929 - 1922 apfuura, hurongwa yaparadzwa zvachose. Nechekare muna 1931, United Kingdom zvakazara zvasiya yegoridhe mureza uye devalued pondo hwakakwirira. Somugumisiro, dzakawanda dzokuEurope, kusanganisira India, muIjipiti Malaysia, paiva pokuwa National mari nokuda simba noukama Great Britain mari. Muna 1936, mureza goridhe vakasiya Japan uye France. Muna 1933, munyika America, muna zvakafanana kuramba kupanana manotsi nendarama, zvakanga airambidzwa Export kunze uye pakupedzisira akatora nzvimbo dhora kuderedza pamusoro Unorudzi 41%. nguva ino, inova Kushanduka munyika Currency hurongwa uchayeuka kwenguva refu, yava imwe yezwi Currency riparadzirwe Fiat mari ndarama, mune mamwe mazwi, chikwereti mari.

"Dollar mureza"

Muguta Bretton Woods muna 1944 pagungano remarudzi musangano akaunganidza munyika 44. Chibvumirano chakaitwa musi paumbwe mamiriro korellirovannyh Exchange chinjika mhando. The Hurongwa chakavapo nokuda 1976 kusvika 1944. chikuru maitiro ayo:

• Basa mari nyika akaenda goridhe. Parallel kushandiswa mari dzakadai dhora uye paundi.
• Kuvakwa dzakawanda masangano mari akadai International Monetary Fund (IMF) uye World Bank kuti Zvokuvakazve Development (IBRD). The chikuru basa iri sangano iri waidzora zvemari hukama pakati hurongwa Member States yenyika. nhengo All IMF iri kwaita pakurira sezvo nhengo World Bank.
• Vakasuma kwegadziriro chinjika zvazvingava, izvo zvinoita kuti kana kuchengeta Gengi panguva iyoyo yakati sandara, kana chinja parutivi risati urongwa pamwe IMF. Rakanga akada prices pamwero raizovabatsira States kuti zvinobudirira kuva nokuda zvakanakira dzakawanda wezvokutengeserana uye guta spillover. Kana hazvibviri dzika chirongwa ichi, anodzokororwa mapoka.
• Mbambo mari kuti goridhe. Kushanduka yose mari maitiro (muchidimbu munyaya ino) zvakakonzera chokwadi chokuti nyika dzose vakatsvaka kuti dhora reserves. Kodzero kuita mukutsinhana inokosha simbi kwaingova America pa $ 35 paaunzi. Vamwe Member States akazivisa dzavo mari nendarama kana madhora, kuvatsigira nekutenga kana vachitengesa madhora idzodzo sezvo chikamu wokumwe Exchange pamusika.
• Paumbwe Fund neInternational reserves. Reserve mupiro nerimwe ehurumende anosarudza bhuku dzakawanda zvokutengeserana uye hwaienzanirana 1/4 ndarama kana madhora uye 3/4 National mari. Kuti inorwara uhu hunotifambira zvakananga nokuda zvinobvumidzwa uwandu wokumwe mari chikwereti kubva IMF.

mamiriro ezvinhu munyika panguva "dhora mureza"

Kushanduka munyika mari mugadziriro, izvo zvinogona ongororei muenzaniso yemamiriro mitemo iyoyo, kwakaita kuti chokwadi kuti panguva "dhora mureza" mirayiridzo kusimudzira upfumi hwenyika vakatanga kukumbira Hurumende "guru nomwe". Ivo chakaita kuti anenge 44,8% of vhoti. America anazvo 18% uye Russia - 2.8%. Izvi akaumba peculiarity kuti America nedzimwe "nomwe" States anogona kuita zvakananga pamusoro kubvuma kana kuramba sarudzo. Sezvo veMubatanidzwa mamiriro ichi kwave dzinounzwa munhu zvakakwana yakawanda mumuviri zvinhu pamusoro pokumuka chinokosha dzakawanda.

Kushanduka yose mari gadziriro: Urongwa zvikwereti iri tafura panguva "dhora mureza"

Pasinei chivimbiso hurongwa, hazvina kutora nguva refu nokuda chinokosha kusiyana munyika upfumi hwenyika. Start hurongwa tsaona akapa kushaikwa muripo hurongwa America, iyo aired madhora sezvo munyika chengetedza mari. Pakazosvika 1986, US kwokunze dhefisiti akanga akaenzana mabhiriyoni 1 emadhora. Pasinei kubvumirawo zvimwe zvinhu, asi chinonakidza nemigumisiro yayo. Muna 1971, President Nixon anoramba mbambo national mari kuti goridhe, sezvo Company anotarisira kuderedza currency, uye vari kutanga kutenga goridhe kuti America, maererano wazvipira, kumanikidzwa kutengesa. Dollar akasunungura kuti kuyangarara vakananga akasununguka, nenguva "dhora vomureza" riri kupera zvachose.

"Standard chaiye anomukweretesa matanho"

Kushanduka yose mari hurongwa, akapfupikisa mu mubvunzo munyaya haana mirai, uye kutsiva "dhora mureza" uya "mureza chaiye anomukweretesa matanho." Raakakwidzwa munguva kubvira 1976 kusvika 1978, uye rinoshandiswa zvikuru nhasi. The chikuru zvechadenga zvinotevera zvokudya zvinogona kunzi Jamaican mari enyika:

• Kuramba Major yemabhii goridhe.
• Demonetization nendarama pamutemo kushandisa. Basa rinokosha simbi sezvo nyika anoshaiwa muripo.
• On goridhe parities kurambizwe.
• Central mabhanga vangave vakasiya kodzero kutenga uye kutengesa goridhe sechiero chigadzirwa nemutengo kutsunga iri vakasununguka kumusika.
• Kuitwa vomureza SDR, izvo zvinogona kushandiswa sezvo mari nyika, asi kushandiswa sepokutangira pakuverenga Exchange, pamutemo zvinhu. CRA ari kushingaira kushandiswa dzakawanda-mhando misha tichiregeredza vakanyoresa zviri munhoroondo uye sechipiriso chairema nokuda IMF.
• Basa kuchengeterwa mari, US dhora yawana uye reGermany mucherechedzo, pondo wounhu uye Franc Swiss, Japanese Yen uye Franc French.
• The Gengi iri zvinoyangarara, chakaumbwa zvitengeswa uye kudiwa iri mari pamusika.
• States vane kodzero yokugadza nzira nokuda National mari.
• Mapuranga mari nokufamba haana kudzorwa.
• Paumbwe namahwindo vamapoka mari format, izvo vaiona kuti mugovane muna IMF, vakava pamutemo. Muenzaniso unoshamisa muchikwata ichi dzidzo - ndiye European Monetary System (ER).

Nyika mari ino: kwayo shanduka nonlinear mhando

World mari wemuTesitamende murayiro chitarisiko chavo zvakatungamirira kuti paumbwe European Monetary System, iyo anoita somunhu seti zvoupfumi ukama maererano nokushanda kwenhengo yenyika dzeEurope mukati European zvoupfumi kusangana. EMU - ndiyo yakaoma chezvinonhuwira yose MBC. The mamiriro ine zvikuru zvitatu zvinoti:

• ECU mureza wokurera muna 1979, yokududza mutsva chimiro Reserve ECU, iyo anoita somunhu tandem nemanyorerwo 12 European dzeEurope.
• Free zvinoyangarara zvazvingava zvarakasiya kubva siyana mukati 15%, zvose zvichikwira uye pasi. Vakaumba mashandiro ose Exchange uye kupindira.

Artificially nekuverenga vamapoka mhando SDR uye ECU haagoni kushandiswa sezvo mari chaiyo yomuka somugumisiro wacho kusangana vanoverengeka inotaura. Kubvira muna 1999, nyika 11 kubva 15 vakatenderana pakatanga kupinda wokufambisa imwe chete mari - euro. Nechekare muna 2002, nyika, akapa kuti munotenderana kuitwa imwe mari itsva kuti zvakazara revatema kupinda European nzvimbo uye akasiyiwa zvakazara mari yacho.

Inzirai vanofanira kusangana vadzidzi ari "Euro mapazi"?

Evolution of yose mari hurongwa, maererano nenguva kutevedzana inokurukurwa kumusoro, ane Linear maumbirwo kwete chete. Bazi akava EMU angabatana chero nyika munyika, iyo uchasangana dzakati zvinodiwa:

• Kuwedzera mitengo munyika hakufaniri anopfuura 1,5% kupfuura kukosha dzakafanana kuita pamusoro munharaunda kunyika nhatu pamwe risingamboshandisi kuwedzera kukosha nenhumbi uye mabasa.
• The bhajeti dhefisiti munyika zvinofanira kuva asingasviki 3% kubva GDP.
• chikwereti Public anofanira kuva mukati 60% kubva GDP.
• Rate of National mari kwemakore 2 years havafaniri kuyambuka mukoridho wakasiyiwa EBU nemitemo (+/- 15%).

, Mari gadziriro yaingowanikwa dzakabudirira anodzora kwete chete mari muripo kwema, asiwo womukati mari Rwako. Iri ndiro rinobatsira zvikuru mhinduro munyika nhasi. Panguva iyoyowo, dzidziso yacho yose Currency hurongwa uye ano mari matambudziko titsigire kubva yakatangira kumwe.

MFS Communications uye nyika mari nehurongwa

Kushanduka munyika mari gadziriro, inokurukurwa muchidimbu ino akatanga nomuzvarirwo kutoitwa mamiriro kwakavakirwa reserves goridhe, uye zvishoma nezvishoma modernized mune chivakwa zvakanangwa uye dzinodzorwa, iyo inobva bepa-chikwereti pfuma. Kukura MBC ndiye nhano danho, aine siyana kwemakore 10, pamwe unonyanya nzendo paumbwe National mari hurongwa. mari mamiriro iri zvishoma nezvishoma kushandurwa kubva zvendarama mari mureza nendarama Gráfica mudzimai upfumi, ipapo vari goridhe Exchange, uye pakupedzisira akasvika papepa-chikwereti hurongwa, apo mukuru basa runobva kuna mbiri zvivako.

Ngatitaurei aunganidze dzinokwana zvanga nyika mari ino. The tafura kumusoro kuchaita kuti kuronda chikuru nzendo shanduka.