Kuvakwa kubatana munyika Russian dzakapoteredza Moscow. Nemakore III uye Ivan Basil III

The kuguma XV uye mavambo XVI remakore - muganhu pakati Middle Ages uye nguva New, anozivikanwa somunhu Renaissance, yaiva nguva yokupedzisira paumbwe ruzhinji nyika dzokuEurope. Panguva iyi ndipo uye kuvakwa kubatana munyika Russian dzakapoteredza Moscow kwavabati. In ndangariro vapenyu vanhu mazita initiators ayo uye executors. Ndivo chikuru madzishe Ivan III, uyo akatonga kubva 1462 ne 1505, uye mwanakomana wake, Vasily III, uyo akanga ari simba kubva 1505 kusvika 1533.

Features centralization kuWestern Europe uye Russia

Zvinofanira pakarepo kucherechedzwa kuti Russia uye zvikuru nyika dzokuEurope, mubatanidzwa kare ichiparara nyika kwakaitika akasiyana munhoroondo chaizvo. KuMadokero, kwezvisikwa centralized inoti kukurudzira kukura zvinhu kugadzira, izvo, akavapindurawo, kunowedzera nokuvandudza noukama chinokosha-mari uye goho hwenyika kubva kurima pedyo mapuranga.

MuRussia, zvose zvakanga zvakasiyana. Maviri emakore Tartar joko kufambira kukura upfumi hwayo uye tsika nemagariro, uye somugumisiro kubatanidzwa Rus kwakaitika pamusoro feudal sangano hwenyika, ayo pasina mubvunzo aishanda chipingamupinyi izvi. Mukuwedzera, zvikuru kusikwa munhu centralized mamiriro zvaiita chete kuchamhembe-kumadokero nokumusoro-kumabvazuva nyika, sezvo vakawanda kumaodzanyemba enyika dzakanga chikamu chikamu Kievan Rus rokutanga, akanga kuda Hungary, Poland uye Lithuania.

Haisi - mhaka anokunda nyika Russian

Pasina mubvunzo, chikonzero chikuru kuti kukunda Udelnaya Russia Golden Horde akanga kwayo kusabatana, iro rinogona kushanda muenzaniso Vladimir weutungamiriri, akaparadzanisa afa mutongi wayo Prince Vsevolod pakati venhaka, uye ipapo akazova nyore dzamakondo vanokunda. Uye zviitiko zvakafanana munhoroondo Russia iyoyo nguva kunogona kurondwa kwose kwose. Vakawanda Grand Duchy, pashure vaparadzane kupinda fiefdoms duku, vakarasikirwa vaimbova simba ravo uye vakarasikirwa kukwanisa kurwisa muvengi. National kare izere mienzaniso yakadaro.

Zvisinei, vatsvakurudzi vanodavira kuvapo kugara kutyisidzira kubva Golden Horde, uye pave paya vakaparadzana khanate, iyo iye akaputsa, uye hasha wokuti vavakidzani Western wakakurumidza okuguma kubatanidzwa enyika Russian dzakapoteredza Moscow kwazvo, zvichiita kuti zvinokosha. Zvakawanda mbiri ndohwavo Implementation yayo akwira choumambo muna 1462, Ivan III.

The musiki rakabatana mamiriro

Gare gare ava zvechokwadi anokosha munhoroondo Russian, mutongi uyu, akawana maoko avo pamusoro soro, panguva iyoyo, hurumende, kana akanga makumi maviri namaviri chete. Kuva akaratidza vakabudirira uye kure VANOONA wezvematongerwe enyika, ndiye wokutanga munyika munhau pakuzivikanwa se "Emperor Vose Russia." Zvaive munguva yokutonga kwake vakava chiratidzo edu maviri misoro chapungu, uye muMoscow yakavakwa, iyo iripo nhasi ibwe Kremlin.

Ivan III, akaroora muzukuru ari Byzantine mambo, akasuma mudare muupenyu akasvibirira mhemberero, kwete muduku avo vakagamuchirwa panguva matare European. Zvaiva yaanotonga, shoko Russ yakakundwa nehumwe nokuda ano kare - Russian. Akaita yakakura administrative zvinhu, uye akava mumwe vanyori yakakurumbira Sudebnik - kuva dzevagari uye mhosva mitemo.

Code pamusoro Pagomo Ivan III

Maererano neizvi, mberi chaizvo nguva yaro, gwaro, kuti Boyar Duma hwakagadzwa Grand Duke. wevamiriri vayo vari simba utariri nomunhu muupenyu paruzhinji uye vakava vabati vari echiShinto navabati kwomuchinda mumaguta.

Paivawo utsanzi kuti mirairo - chehurumende, iyo inotungamirirwa zvikuru vakagadzwa makurukota kana vanamabharani vanamabharani. Kumaruwa, zvisinei - parishes, utariri kuitwa nenzira inonzi volostelyami - wedare maumbirwo zvinosanganisira vanhu vakasununguka.

Of Mutemo wakadzikwa kunyatsoomerera kudzora muzinda utungamiriri vemo boyars uye kutaura zvingangoitika marangirwo kana vasiri zvaidiwa yomuchinda mirairo. A nhamba nyaya ake pamusoro sangano mauto. Panzvimbo yapfuura zvakasiyana zvikwata machinda akasika hondo yakabatana. Local vanoremekedzwa vezvikwata-landlords zvaidiwa, kana zvichikodzera, kupiwa kuna Grand Duke uye mubairo kushongedzera imwe nhamba wakaderedzwa kusvika netsoka uye mabhiza varanda. nhamba yavo yaipiwa rwakadini muridzi wemunda.

Kubatana Moscow kare kuzvimirira fiefdoms

Akachenjera uye dzimwe nguva namano wezvematongerwe enyika, Ivan akakwanisa, tichidzivisa yakazaruka kurwisana, aite maererano kuMoscow, chete kuchamhembe kwakadziva kumabvazuva kweRussia. Izvi zvakatanga muna 1468, apo machinda chaiwo Yaroslavl, yakabvuma mukuru masimba Ivan, akapinda wokuzviisa pasi.

Makore mana gare gare vakauya Guru Perm chikamu weutungamiriri ake. Rostov kwavabati panguva iyoyo yakanga yakazvimirira chete hafu - chikamu asi akatenga wechipiri usati (sic) baba Ivan III, Moscow Prince Vasiliy Tomny. Muna 1474, kuti kutengeserana mberi uye somugumisiro, zvose ndima vasara akanga ceded kuRussia.

Vamwe zvinetso zvakamuka pamwe accession pamusoro Tver takapoteredzwa mhete kunyange pamberi Moscow nyika. Vanokudzwa varo kusvikira ichangopfuura vakaedza nharo Ivan, tichidzivirira kwayo rusununguko, asi pamberi ake navaranda guru, kuti nzira kuti masvingo eguta, akanga chinogombedzera nharo kuti vakanga harukurumidzi mhiko yokuvimbika.

Zvakazoitwa kwacho kwaisanganisira accession muna 1489 Vyatskiye nyika ive nzvimbo inokosha hove. Ivo kukasawedzerwa ari coffers mikuru dzeEurope, tsenivsheysya pamusoro pamusika remarudzi - the mbava.

Somugumisiro ari centralization wokuRussia mutemo, izvo nguva vakatevera Ivan III, kuwedzera kune varambe kukura upfumi hwayo uye simba rehondo, ikawanda mukurumbira ehurumende. Izvi zvakabatsira kuti chokwadi kuti mumakore okutanga, kuchauya pamusoro XVI remakore vakawanda machinda Russian, akabva kumadokero dziri nyika, asi nezvikonzero zvakasiyana-siyana kuti vawira pasi pabasa Omani vatongi, vakadzokera kunyika yavo.

Novgorod nenhamo

Zvisinei, havasi vose yayo zvokukura kuvakwa kubatana munyika Russian kumativi Moscow zvakaitika zvakanaka. Muenzaniso uyu ndiyo zviitiko zvinoshamisa kuti zvinopindura kumativi Novgorod, vakanga vasara kusvikira akazvimirira Boyar Republic. Mairi mugumisiro management zvinhu, rakatangwa muna 1410, kwakasimbiswa nesimba oligarchic kwamachinda, uye nechirevo Basil Dark kubva 1456, akapiwa munharaunda muchinda soro zvokutonga simba.

Kutya (unomirirei) kurasikirwa chikamu chinokosha neropafadzo pashure Novgorod kuzviisa pasi kuMoscow, akatungamirira boyars, ndokunanga Posad chirikadzi Marfoy Boretskoy, kutsvaka rubatsiro kubva Omani Prince Casimir, vabvuma kuti achitonga ari pasi paNebhukadhinezari kuna kutsigirwa kwayo mukurwa naIvan III. Achipindura, muchinda Moscow rwaakatora zvikuru matanho somugumisiro iyo muna 1471 vakatamira inondimukira guta mauto yakabatana, hunoumbwa zvikwata zvose akaisa Moscow zvemisoro.

The zvinokosha nharo, izvo akabvumira Ivan III muna pfupi kuunganidza uto anoyevedza vakadaro Novgorod kwaiva kuenda pasi pesimba mutongi Catholic, nokudaro zvichipa chikonzero mhosva achida kuchinjana kutenda Orthodox mu "Latin". Kusiyana kuMoscow vakazvipira, vapanduki vakaungana kwazvo, asi untrained uye havaratidzi nevarwi zvombo. Panguva hondo yokupedzisira, kwakaitika musi Shelon murwizi, vakakundwa uye akaisa kutiza.

Zvisinei, pasinei kuruvanze kukundwa Novgorod akakwanisa kutaurirana zvomuchinda, uye nokubhadhara chikamu chikuru zvikuru chiri indemnity kwenguva yakati kuti aponese vakasara ekare rusununguko. Pakupedzisira, Novgorod akanga yakatora kuMoscow muna 1478. A kwokufananidzira chokunyengetera. yezve kodzero yokuzvitonga raiva nepfari of Novgorod wavo gungano bhero, kubvira panguva yakare paKokorodzano navo kuti anyorere inokosha emwedzi.

Pashure nokuzvininipisa Novgorod Prince of Moscow kwaiva kukunda Tver weutungamiriri anoramba kusvikira rusununguko. Pano, panzvimbo imwe nzira nayo akadzokorora nyaya zvakafanana muna Novgorod. Tver muchinda, muchitenda kuti aisagona kudzivisa vane mauto Moscow, akateterera rubatsiro kune chete vatongi Lithuanian sezvo Novgorod, uye somugumisiro vakatambura zvinoitirwa.

Munguva yose mana navatatu makore kwake, Ivan III vakatevera chinangwa chete - kubatana kwakaita zvakasiyana nyika Russian. Nokuti ichi akapinda National nhoroondo se "noMuteresi veminda Russian." Dzaakanga akunda zhinji aimbova akazvimirira Grand Duchy.

End of Tartar joko

Asi, pakati pezvimwe zvinhu, ayo bhodhi uye akacherechedza chiitiko chinokosha sezvo mugumo nguva Tartar joko, rakanga kwakaratidzwa kukunda mauto ari Moscow mubati gurusvusvu Ahmad Khan pamusoro ari Ugra River muna 1480. Yakanga kubudirira kunyange muchiuto ukuru sezvo nounyanzvi unyanzvi, izvo zvakazoita Ivan III akakwanisa kuita mutsigiri mukuru Crimean Khan, uyo aiva muvengi zvinovava wake anokumhan'arira kuitika, uye panguva imwecheteyo kuti neutralize kuitwa Ahmed Khan, yakabatana, Lithuanian King. Somugumisiro, pokuziva netariro yehondo, ivo Tartars asiya munzvimbo dzavo uye vakadzokera shure.

Akatsiva bhizimisi rababa vake

Muna 1505 iri Moscow chikuru choushe, mwanakomana Ivan III, Vasily III kubva pamazuva okutanga chaizvo muhofisi akaratidza kuva akatsiva Bhizimisi yababa vake. Somunhu autocrat wechokwadi, akatungamirira yakaoma mutemo, chinangwa rakanga kuparadza yekare mamiriro pevatungamiriri vachikoshesa kuMoscow achiri panguva iyoyo yakazvimirira zvemisoro pamusoro Rus.

Fair kutaura kuti muchinda muduku haana muduku kuna baba vake kana kutsunga nezviito zvake, kana kugona kusarudza kwavari kupfuura zvakanaka nguva. Panyaya iyi, zvakajairika mazuva kuomerera Moscow hugota pamusoro muPskov, uyo akanga kusvikira panguva nevanhu Lithuania. Kuti aite izvi, Basil akatora kwakaderera wake anokonzerwa nechisimba Crimean Tatars.

Akanga asina isina manomano uye kuri kuna baba vake. Somuenzaniso, muna 1509 Basil 3 akarayira kuuya kuzosangana naye Novgorod, muPskov vamiririri tenements, uyewo zvose vakanga vasingagutsikani ake chido kuunza muPskov pasi Moscow hwaHerodhi. All akasvika anodzora, Akapomera kushaya chivimbo maari, uye vakawanda vavo vari kuurawa.

Board Basil 3 hwogumisa aimbova guta Kuzvimiririra. Mushure kuurayiwa vanhu vomuguta vamiririri muPskov, wokupedzisira munhau dzayo, dare, iyo vakagamuchira chisarudzo kuzadzika isiyo zvose zvinodiwa muchinda. MuPskov veche bhero, sezvakaita vamwe Novgorod, akapfurwa akabvisa zvechigarire kubva muguta.

Mune ramangwana, kuti vazvidzivirire kubva zvichibvira kushorwa nokuda achabatanidza guta papfuma yake, muchinda muduku adzingwa nayo vakapfuma mhuri mazana matatu uye vakagara munzvimbo yavo zvakaenzana pachena vakavimbika kwaari vanhu vaibva kune dzimwe nzvimbo. Zvisinei, pfungwa iyi haisi kwaari, uye baba vake Ivan III, chete kunyoresa yakafanira kune vakapfuma vanhu vakakunda Novgorod. Aparadza muPskov veche zvapfuura ezvinhu, Basil 3 akapa kudzora magavhuna ake.

Kufambisa muitiro tichibatanidza nyika

Makore mana gare gare, kuramba kutevera pamwe kweRussia, Vasily III akabatana kwavabati kwake Smolensk, reconquered muna 1514. Lithuanians. Ndangariro Chiitiko ichi kwave immortalized nokuumba muMoscow Novodevichy chechechi. Zvakanga kwazvo akatamisira Smolensk Icon of Amai vaMwari, vakaziva chishamiso, uye vakanamata sezvo primordial mudziviriri kumiganhu Russia.

The yokupedzisira kuvakwa kubatana munyika Russian kumativi Moscow vakazobvumirana pashure muna 1521 rehurumende akapinda Ryazan hugota. Ndakazviita pamberi imwe pazviri Moscow machinda, asi vane zvimwe rusununguko. Zvisinei, zvakanga dzoro vagere Ryazan vova Vagari Moscow.

Huru utungamiriri miviri

Pagungano iri nyika Russian kunyorwa vasina kuroora, izvo vakava pakukura Europe, uye akadana kubva ipapo Russia. Asi izvi chete akabata nzvimbo dziri kuchamhembe-kumabvazuva uye kuchamhembe-kumadokero Russia. Kuunza chete pasi tsvimbo ukuru of Moscow, rakamiswa zasi-dzokuMadokero uye chichiri pasi wenharaunda yaitongwa Hungary, Poland uye Lithuania, kwaiva nyaya remangwana.

Kuvakwa kubatana munyika Russian kumativi Moscow akabvunza kusikwa ive midziyo anokwanisa kupa centralized utariri richangobva akasika mamiriro. Ivo vakava Boyar Duma. In wake wokutanga uye raisanganisira vamiririri vaviri vevaGiriki panguva iyo boyars uye courtiers, asi kubva pakati XV remakore ayo sezvamunoita akawedzera kumachinda zvakabatanidzwa munyika Moscow, akavimbika kune mutongi mukuru. Boyar Duma akanga kunyimwa Paramende uye aiva mutambi ane deliberative muviri.

Paitonga Basil 3 maviri ehurumende masangano, nheyo aumba vakazoroorwa mandative hurongwa dzakatangwa. Ndivo vanonzi Palace uye Treasury. Wokutanga uchatamisa nyika zvakanaka, zvake ari Grand Duke, uye mufambiro wechipiri akanga mari, Archive uye mamiriro chisimbiso.

Maererano nevaongorori vakawanda, pakupera kubatanidzwa enyika Russian kumativi Moscow akanga zvikuru kubudirira nemhaka basa reDare Chechi yeOrthodox yokuRussia kwacho. Kuwedzera mutengo wawo kugadzirisa nokukurumidza National nyaya vakabatsira pakuvaka muna 1448 panguva Metropolitan choushe Ryazan Metropolitan Jona. Kubvira panguva iyoyo, kereke iri muRussia mamiriro ane autocephalous, kuti akasiyana uye vasingatungamirirwi dzimwe kereke omunharaunda, uye vaigona kushingaira kupesvedzera zvemukati uye vatorwa wokuti hurumende.

Unyanzvi hutsva chechetere

Muscovy remakore rechi16 kuti yave akaumba kuburikidza kwemapazi kare zvakasiyana nyika vawana yakasiyana zvachose chinzvimbo munyaya dzimwe negwaro. Kana yakapfuura paingova nokuti ukama khans Yechinwiwa Horde uye shoma siyana machinda, shure nyika yakatanga kumiririra mubatanidzwa Guru Russian rudzi uye mutongi wayo kunzi changamire, yava nzvimbo yaro yakakodzera akatorwa mu Europe.

Russian nezvibvumirano akauya wakasiyana zvachose chechetere. Mushure mokunge apedza nyika nenzvimbo pakati North-Eastern Russia, muMoscow, nevamiririri venyika vatorwa yekare akatanga kuuya arege kuzviisa pangozi kupinda expanses Russian musi Novgorod. Sezvingatarisirwa, izvi zvakakonzera zvimwe zvinetso, sepakutanga aifanira kubata chete feudal madzishe, vanozviti kutenda chete uye kutaura mutauro mumwe chete. Zvino, munguva Nhaurirano vaifanira kufunga zviri zvimwe zvitendero uye kushandisa vaturikiri, uye gare gare nokudzidza mitauro.

Mutsa machinda maviri Moscow Ivan III, uyewo mwanakomana wake uye mutsivi Affairs Vasily III chisingarambiki. Kuburikidza zvinyorwa zvavo, tsamba, vakandowanikwa kumwe, Kubvira akasaina rokuti "Muchinda muMoscow uye All Russia." Izvi zvaireva kuti Russia zvose akavhara kuti monolith kuti anogona kuramba kukunda chero muedzo.