Mavambo abolition yacho oprichnina. migumisiro oprichnina

Kukanzura Oprichnina ose gore odzokera emakore, uye vazhinji zvinhu zvakaunzwa chisikwa yake murefu nyika Russian, kudzimwa vanhu ndangariro. Izvi anotambudzika kwazvo, nokuti nhoroondo ine tsika kudzokorora kamwe zvakare vanhu undigested zvidzidzo. Izvi ndezvechokwadi kunyanya nhasi, kana vari vatsigiri resimbi udzvinyiriri uye autocracy.

Range chenhau kupima oprichnina

Kwemazana emakore kuti apfuura kubva pakufa Ivana Groznogo, mafungiro kuti chaizvoizvo kuti chakaitika nguva kwake, uye zvikurukuru, kusvika oprichnina, akachinja kakawanda. siyana unhu ranged kubva vanoongorora vave kuratidzwa kwepfungwa kupenga wamambo (pfungwa nemaonero vakawanda pre-echimurenga kare) kuti kuziva zviito oprichnina mauto mberi, nechinangwa chete kusimbisa hurumende, iyo centralization simba uye kukunda feudal kusabatana (Stalin nezvetsika). Panyaya iyi, iyo abolition pamusoro oprichnina chaipiwa anenge chipingamupinyi kubudirira.

Nhoroondo rokuti "oprichnina"

Chii zvichireva maperekadzi pachakwo ichi izwi? Zvinozivikanwa kuti kwakaitika kubva necheSalvic shoko "OPRICH", kureva kuti "kunze", "akaparadzaniswa", "kunze". Pakutanga, zvakanga asarudzwa mugove inopiwa chirikadzi pashure nomurume afa, uye ari kunze huru chikamu chepfuma kuti anoparadzirwa.

Paitonga Ivana Groznogo ndiro zita rakapiwa kundima yokutorazve kubva dzakare varidzi akataura pachena kushandiswa uye pfuma yose servitors ake. The napamwe rakanzi "zemshchina". Pane kunyengera pachena mambo. Of zvachose guru nyika yemaguta mukirasi kunyanya boyar, iye akasarudzwa mugove nokuda nehurumende, yaiva muenzaniso pachake, uye, kumuti "mugove chirikadzi," pachavo basa basa vanozvininipisa uye vakatadzira mambo, ndokuparadza nehanya of boyars vanoda nevanozvitsigira.

Vaiva zviuru mauto vakaungana bedzi kubva vemo nechisimba uye kune hurumende, kureva, "oprichnina" nzvimbo. Muna 1565, apo utsanzi ichi hwakagadzwa, hondo yakanga chiuru vanhu, asi 1572, apo abolition pamusoro oprichnina vakava chisingadzivisiki yakawedzera kusvika katanhatu. Maererano zano mambo akanzi basa National Guard, takaberekwa tine rwakafara simba uye zvichiitirwa kusimbisa hurumende simba.

Kusembura of political womukati dambudziko

Achitaura pamusoro zvikonzero kuti rwakakurudzira chisikwa Ivana Groznogo oprichnina, sezvo mutemo, kutanga dzinoti kunetsana yake chete Boyar Duma, pamusana kusiyana panyaya dzakawanda paruzhinji negwaro. Ndiani asingadi kuteerera munhu paanopikiswa, Nokusarerekera mune zvose ndinoona zvakavanzika zviri nokumukira, mambo gakava nokukurumidza vakatamira kune tightening wehurumende uye vakawanda udzvanyiriri.

The kunetsana akatora kunyanya chakasimba apo muna 1562 wamambo nechirevo dzaisanyanya patrimonial kodzero boyars, zvokuti havana kuti kwaenzaniswa kune yagara vanoremekedzwa vezvikwata. Mubayiro mamiriro ano The chidzoke izvi rava kuitika pakati kwamachinda kutiza muchivadzvinyirira wamambo miganhu ehurumende.

Kubvira 1560 vatizi parukova ichiwedzera zvishoma nezvishoma, aigona chisingafaniri kukonzera hasha wamambo. Special resonance chakavanzika yekubva kuPoland mumwe dzepamusorosoro vanokudzwa youmambo Andreya Kurbskogo, vakanga wakatya chete kusiya nyika zvisiri pamutemo, asi kutumira tsamba Ivan, embodying yakananga mhosva kwaari.

Kuvamba pamwero mukuru udzvanyiriri

Chikonzero pakatanga vakawanda udzvanyiriri akashumira yakaitika 1564 kukundwa revarwi Russian muhondo pamwe Lithuanians musi Ole River. Zviri vaya vari maonero Mambo zvakananga kana kuti zvisina kunanga kukonzera kukundwa, vaiva vakaurayiwa vokutanga. Uyezve, muna December wegore iroro muMoscow paiva nerunyerekupe kuti yokufeva boyars zhinji, achitya kunyadziswa, inounganidzwa muna Lithuania nePoland hondo wandei uye kundokugadzirirai simba takeover.

Saka, pokugadzwa oprichnina mauto aiva kuzvidzivirira nechiyero mambo chaiye, uye kazhinji zvekufungidzira ngozi, uye abolition pamusoro oprichnina, iyo ichakurukurwa pazasi, mugumisiro wayo kukundikana zvachose, sezvo nokutsigira hurumende mamiriro. Asi munguva yemberi, uye panguva iyoyo, vasati kupa rusununguko kune avo rusingadzorwi, mambo aifanira kutsvaga rutsigiro vakawanda, uye avo tacit mvumo kutanga mutambo ropa.

Events yakapoteredza kusikwa oprichnina

Kuti izvi zvidaro, Ivan akanga airidza chiseko chaiyo. Ndatomboenda pamudyandigere pamwe mhuri yose iri Alexander sabhabha, uye akazivisa abdication ake nokuda akuvara zvichipomerwa kunoitwa namakurukota ake uye nevafundisi, iye pakudaro chakakonzerwa kwavari Folk ea, iri mharidzo iyo akazodzwa naMwari uye, chaizvoizvo, vicegerent rake pasi. Change pfungwa dzako Mambo akabvuma chete pamusoro mamiriro pake rusununguko rwakakwana kuita zvakarurama uye pamusoro vose vanokonzera hasha dzake.

Zvaanoita wakatsamwisa antiboyarskuyu Kuwanda manzwiro pakati pavanhu, rambai ose ezvinhu akaisa mberi navo rakamanikidzwa kukumbira Duma Ivana Groznogo ushe. Pakutanga January 1565 National duku akasvika Alexander sabhabha, panguva imwe cheteyo Mambo akanga asarudza pamusoro pokugadzwa oprichnina.

Sangano idzva uto mamiriro

Sezvataurwa pamusoro apa, boka rokutanga raiva chiuru vanhu uye zvakakwana kuumbwa mugari "oprichnina" mumaruwa. All vaiendeswa akapika mhiko kuna mambo, uye mune yokumbozorora wakakwana neChirairo zemstvo. nevamwe zviratidzo zvavo akasungirirwa pamitsipa mabhiza, misoro imbwa ', chinofananidzira kuda kutsvaka bongozozo uye mabhurumu, akasungirirawo kune saddles - chiratidzo chokuti bongozozo iri kuona pakarepo oparadzwa marara sezvo hunokuvadza.

Zviri hombe uye kuramba kukura oprichnina mauto akapiwa imwe nhamba maguta Russian, kusanganisira Suzdal ndiye pakukura, Kozelsk, Vyazma uye Vologda. Nenzira imwe cheteyo Moscow migwagwa dzakawanda dzakapiwa panguva yavo dziripo, akadai Nikita, Arbat, Sivtsev Vrazhek nevamwe. vaimbova vagari avo nechisimba akadzingwa mumisha yavo uye kutamiswa kure nhengo guta.

Kukoromora upfumi, kuratidzwa rokutanga yokusagutsikana

The kutorerwa munyika isiri zemshchina uye avo kuchinjirwa vakapinda nhaka Varindi akamurova noruoko guru munyika varidzi venyika feudal kwamachinda, asi panguva imwe chete vasanyanya upfumi munyika. Zvikonzero kudzimwa pakati oprichnina, yakavatevera muna 1572, uye raisanganisira kuparadzwa itsva Varidzi-hwakagadzwa kwemazana emakore kuitira munyika chikafu hurongwa. Chokwadi chokuti nyika yakava enzvimbo vepamusoro itsva, vazhinji vavo mubato dongo, uye hapana basa raiitwa pamusoro pavo.

Muna 1566, akanga akashevedza kamwe, iine vamiririri vose munzanga, asi Zemsky Sobor. Rescission Oprichnina wevatariri ake havasati akamboda kuratidza akasika Kusagutsikana pakati vanhu vanodzvinyirirwa "zvevarwi", asi nyaya mambo chikumbiro zviito mazviri dzavo. Chero mashoko akadaro Ivan Grozny sechinhu kuvhiringidza ayo monarchic kurudyi, uye somugumisiro mazana matatu uye petitioners vakanga vakapfigirwa.

Novgorod nenhamo

Zvinozivikanwa kuti rokutonga Ivana Groznogo (kunyanya panguva oprichnina) kunoratidzwa pamwero mukuru ugandanga kurwisa vanhu vavo pachavo nyika, izvo zviri kukonzerwa kusingadzorwi utsinye ari autocrat, uye chinokurudzira zvikonzero - kunyumwira uye kusavimba. Izvi zvinosimbiswa panguva yake kuri rwendo pamusoro pavagere Novgorod, ashandiswe naye mugore 1569-1570.

Suspecting Novgorodians pakuvavarira kwemwoyo kutamira chepasi mambo wePolish, Ivan Grozny, achiperekedzwa dzakawanda oprichnina mauto akapa pamahombekombe Volkhov rokuranga uye kutyisidzira vatengesi ramangwana. Ndisina chikonzero wokushora munhu zvikurukuru, mambo akadurura hasha dzavo munhu akazvipinza munzira yake. Mumazuva mashomanana, akadhakwa vasingarangwi, ivo Varindi kubirwa uye akauraya chero mhosva vanhu.

Demoralization uye disintegration oprichnina mauto

Maererano nokumwe kufungidzira wenyanzvi ano, vakabirwa vaiva dzinenge 10-15 zviuru. Man, pasinei nokuti zvachose Vagari guta panguva haana kupfuudza zviuru 30. Residents, kuti raparadzwa haasi asingasviki 30% vemunyika. Fair kutaura kuti abolition of oprichnina muna 1572 zvikuru kwakaguma kubvira pakupunzika tsika wesimba youmambo simba, zvinobudisa izvo kuramba asingaremekedzi sababa uye mudziviriri, asi sezvo nebhinya uye gororo.

Zvisinei, kunaka ropa, mambo navaranda vake havana kukwanisa kumisa. Makore akatevera Novgorod rati, kwakaratidzwa dzakawanda ropa vaiurayiwa zvese muMoscow uye mune mamwe maguta akawanda. pakupera July 1670 iri mumaguta chete akawana vasungwa rufu anopfuura mazana maviri. Asi ichi orgy reropa aiva kusingarapiki zvainoita vejeri pachavo. Vasingarangwi mhosva uye vakasununguka okuwana iri mwoyo zvachose uye yakaodza kamwe zvikuru anokwanisa mauto.

navashanduki

Uku kwaingova kutanga. Kukanzura oprichnina zvikuru pamusana zviitiko chokuita nechisimba Tatars muna 1671. Zvadaro, wakanganwa sei kurwisa uye kutombozivikanwa muchiKristu chete netsika vaibira vanhuwo zvavo, Varindi nokuda kworutivi nyore haana kuuya kuungano pfungwa. Zvakakwana kutaura kuti kubva matanhatu akauya kuzosangana muvengi regiments, shanu yakaumbwa kubva vamiririri zemshchina.

chiitiko chakaitika muna August inotevera gore, iyo akateverwa-refu akamirirwa abolition yacho oprichnina. Battle vechiduku, umo vanenge makumi mashanu chete kubva Moscow vakaungana Russian uye Tatars, pasina kutora chikamu chezvinhu Varindi yakanga sowakajeka vakakunda Zemsky mauto vanotungamirirwa machinda uye Vorotynsky Khvorostinin. Yakaratidza kusabatsira chinhu uye rinoremera pachena kuti mamiriro enyika-uto ropafadzo marongerwo.

The magwaro akachengetedzwa kubva kare pores, anoratidza kuti abolition pamusoro oprichnina, iro zuva (sezvo nevakawanda) - 1572, akagadzirira zvikuru kwokutanga. Izvi runoratidzwa isingaperi kutsivana yaiuya dzepamusorosoro mambo anofungidzirwa nhamba mukuru evatsigiri vakatevera kare muna 1570-1571 gore. Vakanga panyama ichaparadzwa zuro wacho favorite mambo, vaya, nemashoko ake, akashanda se nokutsigira uye kudzivirirwa vose vakanga vachida kuti yokuedza pachigaro choushe. Asi gore 1572 wokutanga haasati akauya chokupedzisira kusunungurwa kwevanhu kubva vamanikidzi ayo.

The rufu wamambo uye yokupedzisira abolition of oprichnina

Mugore chii yakazopera muna Russia panguva oprichnina? mubvunzo uyu haana mhinduro yakajeka. Pasinei pamutemo wamambo pamusoro Abolition mamiriro ichi, chaiko weboka nyika Russian iri kumaruwa uye oprichnina yakatora kusvikira parufu rwake (1584).

Muna 1575, akatungamirira Ivanom Groznym zemstvos akamutswa akabhabhatidzwa Tatar muchinda Simeon Bekbulatovich. pakugadzwa Izvi pashure rimwe boka yokuurayira. Panguva ino, nhamba vemhosva vaiva vanokudzwa, akatora chigaro yamambo boka racho pashure kuvakunda muna 1572 oprichnina pamisoro, uyewo dzinoverengeka mukuru vafundisi.

Kukanzura oprichnina nemigumisiro yayo

Kuti akauya Oprichnina vanhu Russian, zvikuru nomazvo akaisa yedu pre-echimurenga wenhoroondo Võ Klyuchevskii. Zvakakodzera akacherechedza kuti mukutsvaka zvekufungidzira aimukira, oprichnina akava mhaka mhirizhonga, uye nokudaro chamuita kuti kutyisidzira wechokwadi chigaro. Akataurawo kuti avo vachiurayiwa izvo varanda vamambo vakanga vachiedza kuchengetedza mambo, vachichera nheyo chaiwo hurumende hurongwa.

Kukanzura oprichnina (gore racho wamambo) kwakaratidzwa nokuda Russia Dambudzikorevakweguru munyika kumavirira, apo vanhu vakanga vachirwa Commonwealth. Uto Russian akatambudza nyika simba upfumi dambudziko, akadzingwa shure nokuda Poles. Yakaguma pakazotanga wokuLivonia War haana kuuya kutarisirwa kubudirira. Uyezve, pasi Swedish basa vaiva Narva uye Koporje, uye kutapwa kwavo anovhundutsa. Nokuda dzakasiyiwa-vataurwa pamusoro uye chaiyo kusiya oprichnina mauto 1671 yakanga yaparadzwa uye akapisa Moscow. Tikafunga izvi zvakaoma, uye akanga paakazivisa abolition kuti oprichnina.

gore chii uye naani ropa yomudzvinyiriri haana chete rehabilitated, asi aizivawo mugoveri mberi? Mhinduro yacho inogona kuwanikwa uchitsoropodzwa nako Stalin rawa pamusoro izvo yakaonekwa akatevedzana firimu Eisenstein kuti "Ivan Grozny" yokutanga muna 1945. Maererano naye, dzakatorwa mashoko Soviet, basa Ivana Groznogo munhoroondo chaizvo akanaka, uye zviito vose shoma chete pakupa centralized simba uye kusikwa chakasimba mamiriro. Kana nzira iri zvinangwa kubatsirwa, zvinonzi, maererano Stalin, aiva nyaya yechipiri. Own mabasa "baba vemarudzi" zvizere akaratidza nemwoyo kutonga kwake.