Mensheviks - ndiani zvakadai? Party Mensheviks. Vatungamiri Mensheviks

Nhasi, nyanzvi dzakawanda mumunda kusimudzira mabasa uye zvinhu zvakakomba nharo kuti mutungamiri proletarian chimurenga, VI Ulyanov chainyanya matarenda marketer munyika. shasha yake yakanga kuti akakwanisa 'kutengesa "dzakafara negurumwandira pfungwa wakanyatsojeka, achishandisa pfupi, dzichiruma uye dzinonyatsozikanwa masirogani. Vladimir Ilyich akakwanisa kusika zvipfupi uye kuratidza zviratidzo (nenyundo nembezo, mashanu-rwakavakwa nyeredzi), uye kuona yakakodzera yemakambani ruvara (tsvuku). Asi chikuru budiriro yose Lenin akarara pakusarudza muchiso. Mugore vakawanda kuziva kwazvo pfungwa kuti Bolshevism chinhu guru, simba, hakudzivisiki uye kuchinjika. Asi Mensheviks - ndizvo zvimwe zvishoma chinhu vakawanda marara.

Kutanga muchiso enyika simba kupfuura veboka XX remakore kwakaitika muLondon muna 1903, muzhizha.

Kana paiva Bolsheviks uye Mensheviks

Second Party Congress yakaitwa consecutively mumaguta maviri - kweBrussels uye London. Zviri pachena, musangano vakatya kutambudzwa uye akatsvaka pakavanda, nekuti saizvozvo wakaenda kujairika danho sezvo zororo uye kutama. Lenin uye Martov zvikuru uye ndaigarokakavadzana, uye musimboti gakava zvingaderedzwa kana kana kwete kumirira Apuro inowa, kana panzvimbo uchatumbura nayo? Mamwe mashoko aya, remangwana mutungamiriri Bolsheviks, akarondedzera zano iri kupikisana. Mumwe mukuru nhengo RSDLP uye zvikuru bato theoretician Martov kuibva michero havana aida kuputsa matavi pamwe mashizha uye kupfura pasi zvikuru hazvina kuramba.

Vose nharo panguva vakabvumirana kuti chimurenga inofanira pose, zvichaitika munyika pamwe zvemberi indasitiri, uye chete ipapo kupararira kune shure umambo-mamiriro, ramakagadzwa nhamba Russian Empire. The mubvunzo waiva chete sei kupa kupfuura nzira - pamutemo kana pachivande. Mushure sarudzo, izvo zvakazoita kuti kukunda of Leninist mutsetse, bato rakatsemuka kuva mativi maviri. Pakarepo Lenin akadana vatsigiri vavo kuti Bolsheviks, achiwedzera kuti vatsigiri Martov - the Mensheviks. Izvi kusvika pamwero vakatsunga nhoroondo XX remakore.

Wokutanga chimurenga

Zvakakosha kubhadhara ngwariro chaiyo pakuti Bolsheviks haana nguva dzose enlists zvikuru kusanganiswa ukuru panguva bato musarudzo pakutanga kwezana remakore rechimakumi maviri, kufambira. mutsetse kwavo vakasarudzwa pamusoro pevhu-magandanga kushanda kwakatungamirira mahwanda yacho RSDLP. Mune III Congress, vakabata uyewo muLondon (1905), vatsigiri Martov vatore chikamu haana kuda kutora, vaziva zvinosuwisa echimurenga zviitiko zvakafanana kuenda inotevera padariro mumagariro chiitiko kuRussia, kureva Bourgeois zvokuvhoterwa, izvo hwaienzanirana iri Marxist pfungwa. Zvisinei, mune vakazvigadzirira yemuna waMarch vamiririri bapiro akabatana, vakaita pamusoro yehondo "Potemkin" uye panguva imwe kwezvematongerwe. Saka, gakava aitambudza kumwe chokumusoro echelons webato, uye panguva grassroots pamwero regai kutamba zvikuru basa. Mushure kudzvinyirira wenyonganyonga Plekhanov akataura nezvazvo somunhu asingabatsiri chaizvo, izvo varege, uye aitofanira. Mutungamiri Mensheviks, Martov akabvumirana nepfungwa iyi.

The hondo Japan

The Bolsheviks vaida pokukundwa Tsarist Russia, uye vakaita zvose kuchera kudzivirira kugona munyika. Izvi zvinoratidzwa zvakajeka kupfuura kuchiva reGermany munguva yehondo, asi akanga kutanga zvaitwa nemutoo ambotaurwa - panguva Japanese. Chimwe zvikonzero kuti vakaramba kubatanidzwa mune III Congress of London RSDLP Mensheviks - chokwadi anozivikanwa kwavari rutsigiro zvinhu kubva kune dzimwe hasha utikitivha. Achishora hondo Martovites vaisagona kubvuma pfungwa yokuti rusununguko vachabva kunze, uye huchaunza vokuJapan pamusoro bayonets dzavo. Mukuwedzera, panguva Sunrise Sun aigara mumagariro magadzirirwo nekaupenyu nenhendashure ehurumende, uye kukurudzira okukunda yayo havana kufanira chepuraimari zvisingarambiki. Kazhinji, ari Menshevik dzematongerwe, sezvo Bolsheviks warambidzwa panguva mukana kukunda vechimurenga imwe nyika.

pamwe chete zvakare

Muna 1906, vatungamiri mapapiro maviri RSDLP akasangana zvakare pa reCongress, nguva ino yakaitwa Stockholm. Mapato akaona kudiwa kushanda pamwe chete, uye akatsvaka uchitevedzera pakakoromoka. Kusiyana Mensheviks uye Bolsheviks panguva ino sezvisipo zvinokosha chaizvo, uye nehanya chete akashandiswa ndima yacho Party Rules vokutanga. Martov zvinganaka kusiya kuchinja musengwa "kusimudzira", sezvo Lenin akaramba ari "munhu Kupinda" musangano. Pakutanga, mutsauko uri muduku, asi chaizvoizvo zvikazooneka kuti rinokosha. Lenin akatsvaka kumisa vaitofanira hierarchical marongerwo inovakwa kuhondo, uye Martov hwakanaka zvokuti zvavo vakadzidza kutaura chitoro. The echimurenga Kushandurwa mutungamiriri Mensheviks vaiona magadzirira, kupa pfungwa indoctrination chakakanganisika hwevanhu guru kurima nyika, hazvina zvaibva kuti gutsaruzhinji. Kunyange zvakadaro, mashoko Bolsheviks vakakunda rimwe kukunda: Lenin akabvumirwa shanduro nyaya yacho Charter RSBRP (o) rokutanga.

interwar kuzvipokanidza

Pamutemo, mushure "kubatana" zviri Stockholm Congress Party yawana kuoma, asi chaizvoizvo kwakaratidza pamberi kurwisana yasara. The kukundwa pokuchinja kumanikidzwa sotsdekovskoe gwaro kutama pamisara yavo akatonga kunondirwadza. Zvinodiwa mari, asi Bolshevik nzira gadziriro yavo evoked zvakavhenganiswa maitiro husingaperi vavengi - Martov, Levitsky munin'ina wake, Potresov, Axelrod nevamwe Mensheviks. Paiva kufamba "liquidators" uyo pfungwa pamusoro kudiwa zvakakwana dhirika zvisiri pamutemo basa, kugumiswa "eksov" (kureva, ugororo), asi zvichaita kufukidza chete chikamu vatsigiri manyoro nezviito (kusanganisira Plekhanov), vamwe kutora anovandira, vachizivisa kuzvipira kubatana. Trotsky rakabudiswa muna 1912 muna Vienna, pepanhau rinonzi "Pravda", iro rakabudiswa nyaya pachena Anti-Leninist, uye maererano hunotaurwa huru bato nhengo musangano kwaiva kusika chikuva, yainzi August. The chikwata akaumba pashure pacho atambura Menshevik zvose zvakafanana kuremara, kureva womukati kukweshera uye nokukurumidza akawira vega. General zvinodiwa dzokunamata takasununguka, mumiririri mahofisi ari IV State Duma siyana muupenyu, uye zvichingodaro. N. haana kugutsikana nevamwe vechikamu Revolutionary kufamba.

Defeatists uye patriots

Pashure pakatanga Hondo Yenyika II, purogiramu Menshevik akapinda zvakananga yavairwisana Bolshevik itsika. Potresov, Plekhanov nevamwe "defencists" haana kufunga kodzero kutsvaka rufu tsarist hurumende mutengo National nenjodzi. Ivo vakapomera hondo yakadaro, inourondedzera-hasha, ipapo chose "akakungurutsa" kuti kuziva chokwadi kuti uto Russian chete anodzivirira nyika. Camp RSDLP rakatsemuka kuva mativi maviri: kuti "internationalists" uye "patriots" zvinhu chokuita zvichibvira mugumisiro kurwa pamberi. The zvikuru nzvimbo anoendeswa kuzadzisa chinangwa pakugumburwa uye kubviswa dzairwisana vemapato "pasina annexations kana indemnities." Kuparadza zveEl kurwa yevagari kurwisana isingadi Bolshevik Bapiro RSDLP. The Mensheviks vaidavira kuti kwemamiriro norugare izvi kungaita munyika chimurenga. Vakanga kururama.

The February chimurenga chaizvoizvo akatanga Implementation kuti "shoma chirongwa", akataura kwokutanga RSDLP sezvo chinangwa nokuda gumi anotevera.

The chikuru zvichemo of Menshevik itsika

Saka chii musiyano Bolsheviks uye Mensheviks? purogiramu pati, kana kuti, kuti March bapiro rayo, aiva zvinotevera ndima:

a) kupambwa simba munyika isina ezvinhu aripo uye prerequisites zvisina, zvine musoro chete kupikiswa hondo;

b) Russian proletarian chimurenga hazviitiki nokukurumidza, uye chete pashure yake kukunda mune European uye North America States;

c) basa akarurama bourgeoisie pakurwisana pamusoro autocracy kunokosha zvikuru, uye tinofanira pamwe nawo;

d) miduku yokuruwa - shure kirasi, inofanira kushandiswa webetsero simba uye yakabatana, asi haugoni muchizvitenda izvo;

d) kuti proletariat - mukuru "locomotive" vechimurenga (pfungwa iyi wamuka pasi pokudzora Bolshevism);

e) Zvinosarudzwa pamutemo nzira hondo. Ugandanga isingagamuchiriki.

Kukadzi

Menshevik bato somunhu enyika akazvimirira simba rakaumbwa mukutanga 1917. Pakutanga, zvose akaenda maererano nepurani akatenderwa, ari Bourgeois zvokuvhoterwa akasimuka pamusoro mumatongo hwacho, uye ikozvino anogona chete kumirira vanhu kana vakuru uye iye anoda munhu chimurenga mutsva, nguva ino proletarian. The dambudziko raiva kuti zvinoshamisa zvakaitika February 1917 abatwa takarivara utungamiri pamusoro RSDLP. The Mensheviks, sezvo Bolsheviks havana kudzora kosi yacho, musangano pekuparadzwa ikoko mambo haana kubatanidzwa uye ikozvino kuedza zvikuru kushandisa mamiriro kushandisa chirongwa dzavo nezvinangwa sezvo zvinobudirira sezvinobvira. Nokukurumidza kufamba Martovites. It akaumba nyika dikidiki Government, uye ivo akapa vamiririri vavo ayo sezvamunoita. Mensheviks munyika itsva simba mamiriro akanga nhatu (AM Nikitin, K. Gvozdev, PN Malyantovich), N. S. Chheidze vakananga ari Petrograd Soviet, uye ipapo, muna June, mushure I All-Russian Congress of vokuSoviet kunyange akava sachigaro Russian Central Executive Committee. Akaramba nokusimbaradza nzvimbo mubato, kuwedzera yaibvira simba rayo pamusoro zvavo.

Party Mensheviks, pasinei Kubudirira pachena, richangobva chibvumirano zvirwere kwese kwake: masimba ake vakanga vakakamurwa kuva dzenzvimbo zvitatu. Right (hwaimiririrwa Potresov) rwaigara zvakanyanyisa nyika zvepamusoro, centrists (Dan, Tsereteli) wachengeta kodzero kuramba kuita echimurenga basa ezvinhu Bourgeois gutsaruzhinji, asi chete pashure kukunda muvengi kwokunze uye kuruboshwe (March) akaripisa kuita basa dikidiki Government, vakakumbira yepakarepo kugovera nyika uye runyararo.

Vasati chimurenga itsva

yaOctober Revolution pakarepo asati asiya bato nemapoka akawanda vakakurumbira Mensheviks. The bato purogiramu yacho vagueness vamutye kuzova vatsigiri uye kutsauka, pakati pavo pakange Yuri Larin, Leon Trotsky , uye kunyange Plekhanov. Muitiro enyika vaitamira kwava guru vanenge 4000 Petrograd tsentristov- "Interdistrictite" akabatana Leninist Bapiro RSDLP muchirimo 1917. Zvikonzero maitiro ichi vaiva kugombedzera: asi Menshevik dzematongerwe akanga vazvidzisa rutsigiro kurwa, kubva vakawanda, kuvhiringika vanoshingaira Bolshevik nepasipo, chete vakaneta. Uyezve, kwave kune kakawanda kupokana pakati enyika zvinangwa uye zvimwe wakatendeseka utungamiri webato, iro havana kuzoshinga kuvimbisa vanhu havagoni kuita. Game nokuti simba yakarasika, uye muna October, ari Mensheviks kuhunzwisisa zvizere.

kubvuta masimba

October 25 paiva chimurenga uye kupambwa simba nokuda Bolsheviks. RSDLP (o) pakarepo yakatanga aishora chisarudzo, achidanidzira zviito akadaro usurpation, asi zvakanga vanyanyononoka. Internal kubatana uye kusachinja-chinja haisi kuchengetwa. Anodana kusika hurumende itsva, "yunifomu", rinomiririra zvose enyika dzenzvimbo riri akamira vakaenzana, uye kutsigira Constituent Assembly kana kuti pasina. Gumi nhengo Central Committee vatatu musarudzo vakasiya bato pamisara. Rakanga kuunganidzwa inoshamisa kwechimbichimbi Congress of RSDLP (o), asi naiyewo akaramba sabatsira, kunze pokufa Constituent Assembly pedyo Bolsheviks pakutanga 1918. Zvino Civil War, umo kururamisira-bapiro Mensheviks vachitungamirirwa O. Levitsky, V. N. Rozanova uye A. N. Potresova atora chinzvimbo, zviri vaipikisa hurumende itsva.

Nokuti kana hurumende yeSoviet?

Vatungamiriri RSDLP (o) akatorwa panguva Civil War, zvinoshingaira mubasa simba zvivako vakasikwa mundima mhiri kudzorwa Bolsheviks. Panguva iyo Mensheviks yakachinja zita webato uye vakatanga kudana pachavo nokungoita yeRussian Social-Democrats, pasina mabhii muzvikomberedzo. Vaiita vashumiri mbiru muna Samara Komuch, dikidiki Siberian Government, Central reCaspian, Ufa musangano, Urals hurumende emunharaunda. Muna 1918, ivo (SPD) Chaizvoizvo yakatora simba kuGeorgia mushure chiziviso pane Democratic Republic. Achipindura, mukuru Bolsheviks akadzinga vamiririri RSDLP dzemakanzuru zvose. Zvisinei, muna August 1918, Menshevik bato ave akati omei rehabilitated, sei kuramba mubatanidzwa pamwe Bourgeois shamwari.

The kukundwa of Mensheviks

The udzvanyiriri akaramba muchirimo cha1919, mushure nenzvimbo yacho Bolshevik nzvimbo panguva Civil War. In Kiev, Odessa, uye ipapo vokuGeorgia Cheka, zvakadzama pakuchenesa kuziva nhengo RSDLP. In pamwe chete Volunteer Army pamusoro Denikin, ivo Bolsheviks vaipomerwa. The Mensheviks uye Socialist-kuipandukira, Cadets uye vamiririri nemamwe mapato ari oga, mune zvimwe zviitiko (kakawanda) vakapfurwa, uye vatungamiriri vavo vave "akagadzirisa" kuti chinangwa inoraswa. Ko ichi rokuti zvinoreva haisi kuzivikanwa, asi mumwe anogona fembera. Yu Martov uye Abramovich vakanga rombo: vaifanira kutiza nyika muna 1920. Makore maviri gare gare, akanga vakandowanikwa kumwe mumwe mutungamiri sotsdekov Russian - a Menshevik F. Dan. Panguva iyoyo muMoscow kunge vakasungwa wose boka voujaya Bapiro RSDLP, uye pamusoro payo ichagadzirwa muedzo paruzhinji, asi pakupedzisira, kururama Soviet shoma bhuku raiva. The udzvanyiriri zvakakonzera kuti kukundwa ari Mensheviks kutopedza; masero nomumwe, aenda pevhu, kusvikira 1925.

Chii chakaitika Mensheviks ipapo

Njodzi Mensheviks vakangokaruka vava nhapwa, ndizvo unenviable. Kuedza kubudisa periodicals dzavo akaratidza zvikuru dzinodhura, akagarisa "vanababa wokuRussia kusununguka" muGermany muna 1933 dzakamanikidzwa kutamira France ndokuzoenda America. Asi zvakaipa 'muchiso "kwava mhando rusarura vaya vakasara Soviet Union uye mumwe chikonzero kana mumwe akava kunaka poutungamiriri Stalin vake. Kana zvakakodzera, chero nhengo dzebato aigona kuyeuka Menshevik wake kare, chipo kana zvekufungidzira. Yokutanga mukuru-Profile kutongwa rakaitwa 1931: pamusoro mhosva pakaunda-echimurenga sangano revashandi 14 State Bank uye State Planning Committee vakatongerwa mujeri kwenguva refu.

Zvisinei, havasi vose yaimbova Menshevik Bolshevik Party kudziviswa kudaro zvakanyanya. Gweta General Wyszynski, vamiriri A. A. Troyanovsky uye Maisky, uye dzimwe nhengo dzesangano iri akarambidzwa akararama upenyu kwazvo. Kunyange pamusoro pavo akaturika apfuura zvavo munondo Damocles.