Modern kwendege. Wokutanga jeti

Pwere nhasi, uye kunyange vagari vakura, zvakaoma kunzwisisa chii chakaita mufaro zvaiita ipapo tarenda rinobururuka michina. Silvery mumate nokukurumidza nokupatsanura ane rebhuruu, manyawi hwomoyo vechidiki mangwanani mashanu. Wide mhute muhwezva akasasiya mubvunzo injini mhando. Nhasi, chete mitambo yepakombiyuta akaita War Vokutinhira, pamwe kupfimbwa dzavo kutenga ndege ndege promotional USSR, ipa pfungwa pamusoro Danho iri kukura mudzimba ndege. Asi zvose zvakatanga kunyange adarika.

Ko "reactive"

A mubvunzo anonzwisisa unomuka pamusoro zita mhando ndege. unonakidza In Chirungu zvishoma: Jet. Russian tsanangudzo zvahungava hwakaita zvakavimbika panguva nokuvapo kwezvinhu kuita zvimwe mhando. Zviri pachena kuti hatisi kutaura pamusoro oxidation of huni - zviri aripo kwakajairika peturu injini. Nheyo nokushanda ndege ndege ndiyo chete sezvo chitundumuseremusere. muviri pakarambwa simba gasi ndege vabudiswa runoratidzwa achichipa negwara pakati kumhanyisa. Vose - vane subtleties, izvo zvinosanganisira siyana hwokugadzira parameters wegadziriro, dzakadai aerodynamic ehupfumi, Zano bapiro Profile, mhando injini. Pane nzira dzakasiyana-siyana idzo ouinjiniya yemakambani ndauya muitiro, kazhinji kuwana zvakafanana zvinogadzirisa, tisingatungamirirwi mumwe.

Kuparadzana kubva chitundumuseremusere pakutsvakurudza ndege iyi mativi zvakakomba. In munda upfu accelerators akagadzawo yokuderedza nokureba run uye afterburner, basa raiitwa isati hondo. Uyezve, kuedza kuisa compressor injini (remuSamoa) kuna Coanda ndege muna 1910 akabvumira muvambi Henri Coandă vanoti Zvinokosha yeRomania. Zvisinei, magadzirirwo ichi pakutanga inoperable, izvo hwakasimbiswa kubudikidza bvunzo wokutanga, panguva iyo ndege kupiswa.

kutanga matanho

Wokutanga kwendege anokwanisa kuitisa mumhepo kwenguva refu, akazviratidza gare gare. Mapiyona vaiva vokuGermany, kunyange zvazvo vamwe mberi dzimwe nyika, masayendisiti - the United States, Italy, Britain, uye shure apo zvazviri Japan. mimwe izvi vaitova, gliders kwakajairika Ndege bhomba, izvo yakaiswa mutsva mhando injini kuine propellers, izvo Zvinoshamisa uye kusavimba. Muna USSR dambudziko iri, mainjiniya dzinoitawo, asi kwete kutoshanda, ane kusimbiswa nekusimba uye zvakavimbika sikuruwa unyanzvi. Asi jeti ndege womuenzaniso B-1, vakagadzirira pamwe TRD kugadzirwa cradles ari AM akaedzwa chete isati hondo. The chikwata akanga vasingavimbiki zvikuru, nitric acid, rinoshandiswa sezvo oxidant, ukaparadza mafuta matangi, kwaiva nedzimwe nyaya, asi chokutanga matanho nguva dzose zvakaoma.

"Shturmfogel" Hitler

Nokuda Führer wacho psyche, aitarisira munopwanya "vavengi Reich" (izvo akaona nyika kusvika vose venyika), muGermany pashure pakatanga Hondo Yenyika II akatendeuka basa pakusikwa rakasiyana-siyana "chishamiso zvombo", kusanganisira jets. Havasi munzvimbo dzose basa kwave kusingabudiriri. For vakabudirira zvirongwa zvinosanganisira "Messerschmitt-262" (aka "Shturmfogel") - wokutanga kwendege munyika kuti vakawanda-akabudiswa. The mudziyo akanga akashongedzerwa maviri turbojet michini, radar vane mugove mhino, mumwe kumusoro kukurumidza pedyo sonic (vanopfuura 900 km / h), uye chaiva vanobudirira nzira yokubata dzemakomo B-17 ( "ichibhururuka nhare") vatsigiri. Adolf Hitler kutenda vanonyanyisa mune inoshamisa yaibvira itsva zvigadzirwa, zvisinei, zvinoshamisa zvange akaipa muhondo nhoroondo dzeupenyu Me-262. Yakagadzirwa sezvo murwi, iye chinotungamirwa neVatungamiri "kumusoro", mudzoke kunyika bhomba, uye nadzurudzo iyi haana akaratidza kwazvo.

"Kenttä"

ndege musimboti rakaiswa pakati 1944 kuti pavakwe bhomba "kenttä-234" (zvakare vokuGermany). Akakwanisa kuratidza kwavo kunoshamisa kurwa nezvaanogona, kurwisa nzvimbo dzairwisa aburuka munzvimbo chengarava Cherbourg. Speed kuti 740 km / h uye gumi-sirin'i haana kupa mukana flak yarova kupfura, asi varwi American uye British chete kugona kubata naye. Kuwedzera kubhomba (haanyatsorondedzera nomazvo chaizvo nezvikonzero pachena), "kenttä" yakabereka zvemuchadenga mifananidzo. Chiitiko chechipiri kurishandisa senzira nehana akatora pamusoro muguta Liège. Nokurasikirwa German asina chakakonzerwa namaneja, uye kana pfuma Nazi Germany aiva mukuru uye indasitiri vaizokwanisa kusunungura "Ar-234" iri uwandu makopi anopfuura 36 Anti-Hitler mubatanidzwa nyika ingadai vakaita zvakaipa.

"U-287"

Zviitiko German akawira mumaoko noushamwari munguva World Second wons rinoti pashure pokukundwa Nazism. nyika dzokuMadokero vanotova chokupedzisira. kurwa vakatanga kugadzirira kuuya kunetsana pamwe USSR. Utungamiri Stalin kwakaita atora pakaunda-zviyero. mativi ose, zvaiva pachena kuti iri rinotevera hondo, kana zvaitika, achava kurwa jets. USSR panguva iyoyo asati matambudziko vanokwanisa yenyukireya yakanga chete kushanda pakasikwa mabikirwo kugadzirwa maatomu bhomba. Asi vokuAmerica kunakidza chaizvo eupenyu akadzvanyirira "Junkers-287", yakanga yakasiyana ndege Data (rwisana mutoro 4000 makirogiramu, kuwanda 1500 km riri mamita remba 5000, kukurumidza 860 km / h). Four injini kunaka sweepback (kumumvuri ramangwana "asingaoneki) rinobvumira kushandiswa ane mabhomba ndege sezvo mutakuri.

The rokutanga pashure pehondo

Jets havana basa mutsindo basa panguva Second World War, saka unorema reSoviet kugadzirwa zvivako vaizoisa ayo kwekushereketa Kusimudzira magadzirirwo uye kuwedzera kugadzirwa ane varwi kwakajairika sikuruu, kurwisa ndege uye Ndege. The mubvunzo waunotarisira svikiro mabhomba madzoro kwave kwakaoma, uye kwakasarudzwa nokukurumidza kuburikidza nokukopa neAmerican Boeing B-29 (Tu-4), asi chinangwa chikuru chaiva kushora chero zvinoita kurwisa. Kuti aite izvi, kutanga vaifanira varwi - varefu, zvatinogadzira hazvigoni kunyatsotevedzera zvinoita uye, chokwadi, nokukurumidza. About sei kukudziridza matsva inoenda ndege, zvinogona vatongwe netsamba akagadzira A. S. Yakovleva muna Central Committee (Autumn 1945), uyo akawana umwe kunzwisisa. Kudzidza atora German Michina bato utungamiri nyore vaiona nayo kukwana nechiyero. Country zvaikoshawo ano jets Soviet kuti havasi muduku uye mukuru kune nyika pamwero. At kwakawanda muna 1946 mukukudza musi unoenderana October (Tushino) vaifanira kuratidza vanhu uye vaenzi vavatorwa.

Temporary yaqui uye MiGs

Ratidza kuti raiva, asi hazvina kuitika: akapfupikisa mamiriro okunze, paiva bvungapfunga. Kuratidzwa ndege itsva akakurudzirwa May Day. Yokutanga Soviet kwendege akaita dzakatevedzana 15 specimens kunge kwakatanga Mikoyan uye Gurevich (third-9) uye Yakovlev (Yak-15). Both mimwe zvakasiyana Hull Matanho dhayagiramu iri umo muswe mugove pasi kusuka pedyo ndege nekanzuru kamwene. Sezvingatarisirwa, kuti vazvidzivirire overheating, zvikamu izvi akafukidza chinokosha yakanamirwa pamifananidzo rukoko yakagadzirwa refractory nesimbi. ndege Vose vakanga vakasiyana uremu, injini uye chinangwa, asi kazhinji anoenderana mamiriro chikoro Soviet ndege pakuvaka mukupera forties. Chinangwa chavo chikuru chaiva kutamira itsva mhando simba chirimwa, asi kupfuura izvozvo uyewo kuita zvimwe zvakakosha mabasa: ndege vashandi kurovedza uye kugadzira kwesayenzi nyaya. jets izvi, pasinei huru vhoriyamu yavo goho (mazana vezvikwata), kuonekwa sevanhu pfupi uye kuti kutsiviwa nekukurumidza, pakarepo pashure pakuonekwa zvikuru yepamusoro mazano. Uye nokukurumidza, nguva yasvika.

nemashanu

Ndege iyi yava yezvechitendero. Akavaka isina kumboitika yorugare series, zvose muhondo uye aiwanzopiwa wokushanda chikoro shanduro. Pamasikiro third-15 akashandisa zhinji echimurenga zvekushandisa zvinogadzirisa, kuedza kutanga kusika yakavimbika mutyairi wendege kununura hurongwa (catapult), rakanga akashongedzerwa ane simba kanoni chombo. ndege Kasira, duku, asi inoshanda chaizvo, akwanise kukunda armadas inorema inokosha Ndege mumatenga of Korea, umo hondo kwakamuka achangofa chidzoke munhu interceptor itsva. The chaienderana third akava American "Saber", yakavakirwa yakafanana zano. Panguva Kurwa midziyo akawira mumaoko muvengi. ndege Soviet dzikapiswa munhu North Korean mutyairi wendege, akaedzwa guru mari mubayiro. Downed "American" akakwanisa kubuda mumvura uye zvifambiswe kuna Soviet Union. Pane yakawiriranwa "kupanana ruzivo" kudzidza kubva akabudirira zvikuru kugadzira mhinduro.

mutakurwi jeti

Nokumhanya jeti ndege - yayo huru zvinobatsira, uye rinoshanda kwete chete kune Ndege uye varwi. Nechekare mukupera forties kuna International Airlines yakatowedzera liner "kometi", yakavakwa muBritain. Zvinonzi zvikuru raakasikira chokufambisa vanhu, zvakanga vakasununguka uye nokutsanya, asi urombo haana yakavimbika: tsaona manomwe zvakaitika mukati makore maviri. Asi mberi mumunda mukuru-nokukurumidza mutakurwi motokari kwave zvisingaiti kurega. Pakati pezana remakore makumi mashanu vari USSR yakaonekwa kunozivikanwa TU-104 kutendeuka shanduro Tu-16 bhomba. Pasinei dzakawanda ndege chiitiko chakaitika pamwe ndege itsva, kwendege vari kuramba nyanzvi vendege. Zvishoma nezvishoma vanoumba refu pakuonekwa liner uye pfungwa chii inofanira kuva. Propellers (sikuruu propellers) rakashandiswa vagadziri kuramba ichinetsa.

Generation Ndege ndege: wokutanga, wechipiri ...

Kufanana chero unyanzvi, ndege interceptors dzinoiswa kumarudzi. In zvachose pane ikozvino tiri vashanu, uye ivo vakasiyana kwete chete mumakore shanduro yakanaka, asi kugadzirwa zvinhu. Kana pfungwa dzokutanga ivhu rinonyanya aitofanira kutendeuka kubva mujinga kubudirira mumunda dzenhoroondo aerodynamics (nemamwe mazwi, mufananidzo injini waiva mukuru musiyano pakati pavo), chizvarwa newechipiri akatora pamusoro zvinokosha zviri (yakatsvairwa bapiro, yakasiyana zvachose Maumbirwe fuselage uye zvichingodaro.) Munyaya vamakumi mashanu, zvakanzi akafunga kuti mhepo hondo haazombofi vanopfeka maneuverable hunhu, asi nguva Rakaratidza fallacy mafungiro ichi.

... uye kubva wechitatu cheshanu

"Dog Dump" zviri sixties pakati "Skyhawk", "Phantoms" uye MiGs mumatenga pamusoro Vietnam neMiddle East zvairatidza weboka pakuzadzisa, zvichiratidza vasvike chizvarwa chechipiri ndege interceptors. Shanduka geometry bapiro, mano vakawanda overspeed inzwi uye Missiles akabatana ine simba simbi avionics zvimwe vorudzi rwechitatu. Iye zvino, Air Force mujinga paki vakawanda yemazuva ano dzakabudirira munyika vanoumba rudzi rwechina mumotokari, iyo yakava chibereko pakuzadzisa. On maoko vauya ivhu zvakawanda akakwana tichibatanidza kumhanya, maneuverability, pasi maonero uye EW nzira. Rudzi urwu wechishanu.

Turbofan injini

Externally nhasi jets okutanga ivhu regai kutsvaka zvikuru anachronistic. View vazhinji vavo zvikuru ano, uye nokurondedzerwa (akadai sirin'i uye nokukurumidza) havasi zvakasiyana chaizvo kubva nhasi, panenge pakutanga kuaona. Zvisinei, pamusoro pedyo kuziva mabasa zvinoitwa michina izvi, zviri pachena kuti mumakore gumi adarika kuti Qualitative budiriro iri miviri nzira huru. Chekutanga, pfungwa shanduka akapinza Vector, kusika mukana inopinza uye pakarepo anofambisa. Chechipiri, kurwisana ndege zvino vava kukwanisa kugara kwenguva yakareba mudenga uye vanofamba madaro akareba. chinhu ichi imhaka yakaderera mafuta kuparadzwa, kuti mari. It yakawana kurishandisa, kuisa zvekushandisa mutauro, hunyambiri-dunhu (yakaderera-zvichipfuura). Nyanzvi vanoziva kuti akati combustion zvemichina rinopa zvizere combustion kwayo.

Zvimwe zvinhu zvemazuva kwendege

Vanoverengeka vavo. Modern vehurumende jeti injini ndege inoratidza yakaderera ruzha, mukuru nyaradzo uye yakakwirira nokugarika kutiza. Kazhinji ndivo paupamhi-muviri (kusanganisira mnogopalubnye). Mimwe ndege uto vari vakapakata zvinoreva (active uye pusa) kuwana pasi radar siginicha uye zvemagetsi hondo. Mupfungwa, zvinodiwa kudzivirira uye vezvokutengeserana mapatani piringisha nhasi. Kunyatsoshanda zvinodiwa mhando dzose ndege, kunyange nezvikonzero zvakasiyana: mune imwe nyaya, kuvandudza profitability, mumwe - kuwedzera muhondo nharaunda. Uye nhasi tine kuita ruzha sezvo diki sezvinobvira zvose rehurumende uye zvechiuto.