Monk Shvarts Bertold - ivo vakatanga gunpowder

Zvinosuruvarisa, asi mano mazhinji uye zvakawanikwa anogona zvinokurudzira vanhu kune mberi, anowana chikumbiro achinyanya muchiuto bhora, kwaiva chete kuparadzwa vanhu, kwete kuti kuvandudza upenyu hwavo. matambudziko aya uye gunpowder. Namarudzi kuvamba zvakatorera anenge matanhatu emakore asati vanhu vakaziva kuti simba kusunungurwa kuputika, anokwanisa zvinangwa murunyararo.

Chinese, maArab vaGiriki?

Pakati masayendisiti Havamboregi gakava pamusoro ndiani vakatanga gunpowder kwechokwadi. Opinions zvakapatsanurwa. Maererano nomumwe inonyanya shanduro, kuti rukudzo runobva kuna Chinese vanhu, vakakwanisa kuumba zvikuru dzakabudirira nebudiriro pamberi nezvenguva yedu uye ane nemamwe nzwisiso zhinji.

Vatsigiri imwe pfungwa vanodavira kuti gunpowder yakatanga kwakamboitwa zvombo pakati navaArabhu, kare kare inoraswa inyanzvi yokutarisira Michina kunobva yepamusoro kuti nguva zvigadzirwa. Uyezve, nhoroondo Zvivako nezveruvara vanonzi rechiGiriki moto , kushandiswa kuparadza ngarava muvengi. Saka, muna gakava pamusoro ndiani tega gunpowder, uye anotaurwa Girisi yekare.

vangabvunza

Zvisinei, chikuru nharo kuti anoisa kupinda mubvunzo zvose zvitatu pamusoro pfungwa, ndiyo kunzwisisa makemikari anoumba madota. Kunyange inokosha shanduro, inofanira kusanganisira sarufa, marasha uye saltpeter, zvakabatana muna zvikuru zvachose kunorondedzerwa. Kana hurongwa maviri okutanga dzichiri kuwanikwa zvakasikwa, ari nitrate kuti ndiye akakodzera pagadzirwe zvinoputika, kunogona kuwanika kuburikidza murabhoritari.

Kemisiti Witch of Franciscan Order

The vakatanga gunpowder, vane mabasa vave rakanyorwawo wokutanga, mumongi wokuGermany Bertold Shvarts, vaigara XIV remakore uye vaiva Franciscan murayiro. About upenyu murume uyu akaramba shoma chaizvo mashoko. Zvinonzi anozivikanwa zita rake chairo - Constantine Anklittsen, asi musi wokuberekwa riri kujeka chaizvo - kuguma XIII remakore.

Upenyu hwake chido chaiva kemisitiri, asi nekuti panguva iyoyo havana kuona musiyano zvikuru pakati musayendisiti uye n'anga, ipapo basa iri amuvigira dambudziko, uye kamwe kunyange zvakatungamirira kujeri, apo chaaipomerwa uroyi.

Muranda waMwari, vakadzidza kuuraya

Nenzira, pebhanhire munhoroondo zita, iro aipfeka Shvarts Bertold. Kana chikamu chake chikamu chechipiri akapiwa panguva tonsure, wokutanga ari remadunhu- uye hwakatamisirwa German sezvo chipauro "mutema", akagamuchira chete mibvunzo yavo kubva nemaonero vamwe, basa.

Zvinozivikanwa kuti vari mujeri, akakwanisa kuramba zvidzidzo ake, uye akanga aripo akaita kuvamba yake huru, izvo akabvumira vanhu kuuraya mumwe nokukurumidza uye akawanda. Sei zvinyorwa yemamongi izvi zvinoenderana nenhungamiro erudo yechiKristu uye vanhu - musoro ane zvakasiyana zvachose kukurukura.

Chinopa kuti chamuita kuti kuzarurwa

About ezvinhu iwayo apo pakutanga Shvarts Bertold yawana putika, tinoziva asiri musayendisiti zvinyorwa, uye ngano chakaburuka kubva kare. Ari muNuremberg mujeri (imwe shanduro - muna Cologne), iye, sezvatakagamuchira akati, akanga achiparidza kwemakemikari uye kamwe kusanganiswa muduri uye chaizvo nesarufa, nemarasha uye saltpetre.

Zuva rakanga rorereka, uye mukamuri, kwaaishanda, zvakava rima. Kuti mwenje, musungwa akatora wavanozvisunga moto - machisi uchigere kurarama, uye chinopa netsaona yacho zvakananga dhaka, hafu akafukidzwa nedombo. Pakarepo, nenzwi ezvokunwa ibwe chikakandwa parutivi. Sezvineiwo experimenter pachake haana kukuvara.

Dhaka, ikava pfuti

haana kana kutya yokutanga (zviri zvikuru zvakasikwa pakadai) apfuura, uye utsi parakapera, Shvarts Bertold refilled ane musanganiswa dope, kuti atakure yakare kukura zvakamisa hurongwa. Uye zvakare uchiteverwa kuputika. Saka pakanga gunpowder. chiitiko ichi chakaitika muna 1330, uye nawo nguva nepfuti, wamboonekwa, kwete chete muna Europe asiwo munyika. Nenzira, kukura kwayo ivhu okutanga akadzidza ichiri chete irrepressible Shvarts Bertold.

Akadzingwa pashure kubhombiwa mujeri uye Rakafuridzirwa nokubudirira, akabva akaedza kutsvaka ake infernal musanganiswa kushanda. Creative pfungwa akamuudza kuti kana dhaka kuti hombe saizi, zadza naro musanganiswa ibwe uye atore kwaye, anogona kukonzera dambudziko kune muvengi, akatendeuka yose mamiriro kare muna mirayiridzo yake.

Kutanga nenguva nepfuti

The tanga Ezvemutauro chaizvoizvo dzakafanana wapindurudzwa padivi dhaka. Vakatoti pakuzivikanwa se mumaturi (kubva rechiLatin mortarium - «dhaka"). Over nguva, magadzirirwo yavo yaitanga uye akagamuchira hurukuro pamusoro yaizivikanwa kwatiri kubva pauduku cannons yekare uye nematombo akanga yakatsiviwa simbi nuclei.

Military midziyo nguva dzose aiva nechemberi mberi. Nokukurumidza inorema uye unwieldy zvokushandisa muperekedzi kukura kwayo pamusoro pfungwa pakusika chiedza, elongated madzinde pamwe matete masvingo kuti aigona kuchengeta mumaoko avo rutsoka musoja. Saka muna arsenals wehondo European vaiva muskets uye arquebuses, rwakazokura zvikabva yazvino mugadziriro zvidiki.

Documentary uchapupu pamusoro ndiani tega gunpowder

Kana dzakananga mamiriro ezvinhu Berthold Schwarz Kuwanikwa gunpowder kwaitwa, inogona akadenha, ruchapinda rakanyorwa ake mubvunzo. Chokwadi ichi pane vazhinji muvhidhiyo uchapupu. Mumwe wavo ari chinyorwa, anowanikwa zvakachengetedzwa muguta rinonzi Ghent uye vakaitwa 1343. Rinotaura kuti pasi masvingo guta kurwisana nemuvengi inoshandiswa pfuti, izvo tega mumongi Shvarts Bertold.

Name-muvambi pamusoro mumongi rinotaurwawo chirevo rechiFrench King John II Akanaka, rakabudiswa muna May 1354. Mariri namambo rinorayira maererano nokugadzirwa pamusoro mumongi German Bertolda Schvartsa, kurambidza aina mhangura kubva umambo uye kurishandisa chete vachikanda pfuti.

Upenyu huchiri chakavanzika

Inozivikanwa uye vachiri zvinoverengeka Ages hwokuti ivo vakatanga gunpowder chaizvo Bertold Shvarts. The Biography munhu uyu rose asi kujeka, asi chokwadi pamusoro zvakawanikwa naye hazvirambiki. Date rufu munhu ane chiedza ruoko Battlefields zvakavharwa kuziviswa cannonade, uyewo kuzivikanwa, uyewo zvakamira akasiya upenyu.

Hatizivi kana aiva dzinongoitika rufu, kana kuti murambe kuedza, imwe nyanzvi kuongorora dzimwe nguva, havana ngaaverenge nokuchengeta uye kodzero vanokanganisa naye Minesweeper, kamwe chete chakapiwa. Sezvo vose upenyu uyu romunhu yakafukidzwa chakavanzika, uye zvakawanikwa norudado yenyika, maguta akawanda muGermany kuti vanoti kodzero kuva yokwaakazvarirwa. Cologne iyi Dortmund uye Freiburg, apo guta mativi Monument Berthold Schwarz.