Mutation sezvo chakaita shanduka

Mutation urongwa yemhindumupindu ndechimwe chezvinhu zvinokosha zvikamu pakukura. Kazhinji, pakutanga ine kunambwa ari phenotype vanhu. Zvisinei, somunhu recessive dzakachinjwa alleles varipo, kazhinji zviri Gene madziva heterozygous genotypes panguva yakakodzera locus. Ngatikurukurei mberi basa mutation kwacho mhindumupindu.

tsananguro

Mutation - zvachinja vakazotevera wakatsamwisa inopinza chadzo uye STRUCTURAL kusanduka magene zvinhu. Last vakarongwa kuva akanyatsorongwa zvakasiyana-siyana zvinhu kubva samolecular nzvimbo chipo mukati majini kune okutodza uye genomes. Mutation - vomanikidza hwevanhu chinhu. Nokuti dzinosiyana kakawanda mumwe allele hama kune vamwe.

zvakwakanakira

Nokuda kuvapo mutant alleles ari Gene mudziva iri heterozygous genotype Kwabviswa zvakananga kunambwa kutaura pamusoro phenotypic unhu kuti inotongwa Gene.

Nokuda vakaberekwa simba (heterosis) kunotouraya zhinji heterozygous ezvinhu kazhinji pave chinhanho kubva muviri.

By nekuchengeta alleles, izvo havana adaptive kukosha ino ezvinhu chokuvapo, asi vanokwanisa kutenga kana mune ramangwana, kana kuti kukura dzimwe zvipenyu niches, vakaumba kuchengeterwa kuti variability.

Meaning of mutation

Kukosha ndechokuti pane kuramba panowanikwa kwatangwa kuchinja uye mubatanidzwa ayo munguva kuyambuka mubatanidzwa mutsva majini uye kuchinja. Izviwo, vanotozvikuvadza kunotungamirira tigadzirise yemadzitateguru vemo. мутационного процесса состоит в повышении генетической гетерогенности. Basa mutation kwacho ndiko kuwedzera magene heterogeneity. Zvisinei, pasina kutora chikamu zvimwe zvikonzero, hazvisi kukwanisa kutungamirira kuchinja yepanyama vemo.

элементарного материала, резерва изменчивости. Mutation - ndimo zvokuvamba zvinhu chengetedza variability. Pakuonekwa tishandurwe ane Statistical uye probabilistic hunhu. Shanduka kukosha kwacho ndiko kuramba yakakwirira heterogeneity dzinongoitika vanhu, kuita paumbwe alleles siyana uye chidzoke majini matsva. Mutation kwacho anosika yakazara-siyana variability imwe Gene dziva. Nechepakati kuramba tichiwana ane vasiri achitaura uye chero hunhu.

Specificity

происходит на протяжении существования всей жизни. Mutation anotora nzvimbo ya hwavo. Vamwe transformations anogona kuitika akawanda nguva mune zvinenge zvakasiyana. Gene madziva vari pasi kuramba zvinoitwa mutation kwacho. Izvi zvaizopedza ne refu mukana kurasikirwa kwenhamba chikwata kuchinja nezvizvarwa. оказывает относительно небольшое давление на отдельно взятый ген, при большом количестве последних генетическая структура подвергается существенным изменениям. Kunyange zvazvo mutation muitiro ane duku kumanikidzwa kuti munhu Gene pamwe vakawanda achangopfuura masero kaviri wandei kuchinja.

The mashandiro uye migumisiro

Somugumisiro kuramba takayambuka pane mubatanidzwa dzakawanda alleles. Combinatorial Genetic kakawanda chinoongorora kukosha kunotouraya. Ivo kupinda mukati genomes itsva ngavauye akasiyana genotypic runyararo. The zvinogona Nhamba mubatanidzwa magene zvinhu mukati chero yevagari kwakadaro zvikuru. Zvisinei, izvozvo vakaziva chete duku chikamu hunonzi fungidzira nhamba zvaungasarudza. Implementation of migove iri pakutsvaga rakasiyana wemishonga anenge ose nomumwe. chinhu ichi zvakanyanya kukosha kuti Implementation rwokuzvarwa vakasarudzwa.

anoratidza zvinhu

Kunotouraya vari zvokuvamba zvinhu shanduka. Kune mhando dzakawanda vavo: genomic, chromosomal, magene. Pakati zviri kuratidzwa kunotouraya vanofanira govera expressiveness yavo. Zvinoratidza mwero phenotypic nekuomarara. Uyezve, kuno- runozivisa penetrance. Ndicho kakawanda phenotypic kuratidzwa mune imwe allele imwe Gene vemo pasinei expressivity.

Gene kunotouraya

Dzinomirira kuchinja nucleotide kutevedzana. Mutation iyi nyaya anochinja hunhu Gene chiito. Kazhinji pane samolecular kusanduka, zvichikonzera phenotypic mugumisiro. Ngatitii pane imwe Gene mune nezverimwe Codes vane TTC Coding nokuda glutamic acid. Kana kutsiva chete chete nucleotide, anogona kurichinja kuva codon GTT. Haanganzwiri mubasa kwetunhu glutamic asidhi uye glutamine. The chepakutanga uye mutant mapuroteni mamorekuru vakasiyana, uye zvimwe zvichaita kukonzera yechipiri phenotypic akasiyana hunhu. Chaiyo kuberekana pamusoro allele itsva kuchaitika kusvikira nguva akadai kuchinja mutsva hazvizoitiki. Kana majini kunotouraya Saka pane akatevedzana kana chiutsi ine homologous zvinhu. Unogona kuita neizvi mhedziso. Kuvapo allelic variability paneimwewo Gene zvinoreva kuti zviri pane imwe nguva zviri mutated.

Mukuwedzera

Heterozygous diploid genotype, "chinyararire DNA" - zvose zviri musungo kunotouraya. Kana ari degeneracy pakati majini code, kuti husiri nyore kuwana ari panowanikwa transformations nezvazvo yokugadzirisa. Mutational pezvakaitwa ikaitika ari huripo zvipenyu pane imwe maitikiro. Zvinofanira kuva kwakakwana kukonzera kuchinja naro vanhu kuti uratidzwe kuvandudza. Kunotouraya zvinowanika kuwanda siyana. Vamwe vavo vaifanira kuitawo munhoroondo muitiro okukura zvipenyu, zvikaita kuti paumbwe taxa itsva. Kuno- touraya kuitika pasina kuchinja, discretely uye pakarepo. kuchinja uku ichava kamwe kugadzikana. Zvinonzi chakasvitswa nevazukuru. Kunotouraya muka kwete directionally. The chete kuchinja zvinogona kudzokororwa kakawanda.

The adaptive ukoshi

Vazhinji mutants matsva akasiyana yekudyidzana kudzika chinhanho pane dzesango / chakaipa mhando. Saka inoratidzwa kuti kunosiyana madhigirii, kubva nzira dzisinganyatsooneki kuti subvitalnogo hafu-zvinouraya uye inouraya ezvinhu. Mune Kuongorora chinhanho kubva nhunzi Drosophila mutants kuonekwa panguva zvachinja X chromosome, 90% kuti vanhu yakanga kudzika pane dzose. Muna 10% kuti akaona supervitalnoe wehurumende - kwakawedzera kugwinya. Kazhinji, ari adaptive kukosha mutants paaizooneka, kazhinji ipfupi. It kunoratidzwa ne dzichipfekeka utility pamusoro morphological zvinhu uye wokubereka, vasiri chinhanho.