Ndiani Volga eGermany: History of German kugara

Zvakaoma kufunga kuti ndiani ari Volga eGermany. Dzimwe nyanzvi funga urudzi chikamu German rudzi, apo vamwe - yepakutanga nyika, iyo yakaumbwa pamusoro munharaunda Russia. Saka ndivanaani Volga eGermany? Nhoroondo rudzi urwu kuchatibatsira kunzwisisa ethnogenesis kwayo.

Zvikonzero yokupedza Volga eGermany

Ngatimboonai zvikonzero zvakaita kuti chokwadi kuti vokuGermany mundokunda Lower Volga nharaunda.

Chokwadi, pakanga chinokosha basa zviviri. Chokutanga, vanhu yeRussian Empire haana kubvumira kuti optimally vazadze uye kushandisa sezvo zvakanaka sezvo nharaunda yose mamiriro. Kuti aripire kushaya manpower, akakwezva vanotama kubva kunze kwenyika. Kakawanda, tsika iyi raiswa kubva Catherine 2. Ruzhinji expanses eumambo Russian Empire akagadzirisa vokuBulgaria, vaGiriki, vokuMoldova, vokuSerbia uye, chokwadi, vokuGermany, izvo huchakurukurwa. Lower Volga chete kunoreva kunzvimbo Kashoma vakawanda vakadaro. Munguva ichangopfuura, paiva anongofamba Nogai Horde, asi Russia zvakanaka kutanga kurima mu idzi.

The chechipiri chinokosha chaiva chikonzero paumbwe madzinza eGermany ari Volga nharaunda, akashumira overpopulation muGermany, iyo panguva iyoyo yaimirira boka vakawanda akazvimirira rinoti, pamutemo vakabatana inonzi Hutsvene hweRoma yeGermany. The chikuru dambudziko Germany vakawanda raiva kushaya nyika yose vanoda kushanda nayo. Mukuwedzera, vokuGermany dzakaona chinokosha zvoupfumi kudzvinyirirwa nezviremera zvemo uye hurumende yeRussia akavapa kusingaenzaniswi zvikomborero.

Nokudaro, Russian Empire waida manpower kugadzirisa expanses ayo guru vokuGermany vaida nyika vaigona kuva zvokudya zvekupa mhuri dzavo. Kuti masanga kuti zvido kwakakonzera vakawanda kuenda kumwe Germany nevanhu muna Volga mudunhu.

Manifesto

Direct mureza kuti misha yose vokuGermany uye nevamwe vanhu Russia aiva Manifesto pamusoro Catherine 2, rakabudiswa muna mukupera 1762. Akabvumira vatorwa kugara pachena munharaunda umambo.

zhizha Next, gwaro iri kuzadzikiswa neimwe Manifesto inoti kuti vatorwa vanogona pachavo kusarudza nzvimbo yavo yokugara mukati kumiganhu Russia.

Zvinokosha kucherechedza kuti Catherine pachake 2 akanga German pakuberekwa uye munhu womunyika weutungamiriri pakati Anhalt-Zerbst, saka aiziva kuti vanhu Germany, kuona kudiwa nyika, kutanga kuita yokudanwa Russian umambo. Uyezve, iye aiziva kuchengetedza uye kubishaira pakati vokuGermany haisi rwakaipa.

zvinobatsira colonists

Kukwezva Vagari, Catherine 2, hurumende chavakapiwa anoverengeka zvinobatsira. Kana kushaya mari kutama vagari Russian kwose taifanira kupa navo zvinhu zvokunyama zvakakwana kwazvo nokuda rwendo.

Uyezve, vose colonists vakanga vasingachafaniri papfuma kuti mashoko siyana mitero, kana vari vakagara mune dzimwe nzvimbo, kunyanya munzvimbo Lower Volga nharaunda. Kakawanda, rokuti kubhadhara mitero akanga akaenzana matatu.

Chimwe chinokosha chakaita kuti kukurumidza Colonisation kuti dzimwe nyika vamwe Russian Empire, aiva issuance kufarira-zvikwereti kuti vanotama kwemakore gumi. Zvakanga zvakagadzirirwa kuti kweDzimba dzimba itsva nzvimbo yokugara, outbuildings zvoupfumi kukura.

Vakuru Russian kuti hunovimbisa isiri chipingaidzo munyaya dzomunyika machinda colonists. Vagadze upenyu mapoka uye ukama hwavo naye miviri nehurumende inopiwa nokuda takaparadzana sangano kubva bhodhi iri simba.

The muchiuto vevanhu

State Zviremera vaisava kungotsanangura Resettlement mikana uye issuance vanoverengeka kukwezva zvikomborero kune colonists. Vakatanga kutevera mutemo vanoshingaira ndaitaurisa nezvekodzero dzevanhu. Kuti aite izvi, ari mundima dzacho German akatanga kuparadzira mapepanhau uye mapepa vane mashoko zvinhu. Mukuwedzera, muna Germany vakavhura sangano iri paaivatambudza vanopinza vatama. vanhu ava vaiva sezvo vashandi vehurumende uye nemabhizimisi, vanonzi "Summoner", iro akapinda sungano hurumende masangano ari muchiuto kuti colonists.

Kwemakore mana, kutanga muna 1763, apo aibuda kutamira chainyanya chaizvo, sezvo colonists vanenge 30 zviuru. Vanhu vakasvika Russia. About hafu vavo basa ne "wacho". Most achida kuenda kunogara Russia aibva Bavaria, Baden uye Washington.

Organization wokutanga nemisha

Pakutanga, colonists vakanga zvifambiswe kuna St. Petersburg (kwapera oranienbaumin - weChicago guru), apo akazosangana kuziva upenyu uye tsika Russia, uye akapawo mhiko yokuvimbika kuna mambo. Chete ipapo vakaenda kunyika South Volga nharaunda.

Zvinofanira akati kuti mugwagwa uyu zvakaoma zvikuru uye ngozi. Panguva iyi rwendo nokuda kwezvikonzero zvakasiyana-siyana, rakauraya vanopfuura zviuru zvitatu, kana anenge 12,5% yose inowanwa.

Misha yokutanga, iyo sangano zvino Russian vokuGermany akava muhutongi Lower Dobrinka, mukomana German rinonzi Moninger. It rakaumbwa muzhizha 1764 pedyo Tsaritsyno.

Vanosvika 105 mapoka German kugara rakakudzwa Lower Volga. Izvi, 63 dzaitongwa anobva "Summoner," uye mumwe 42 - paruzhinji miviri.

Gen. nyuchi

Kubva zvino Volga eGermany zvakasimba kugara pavhu Russian, akatanga kumisa mararamiro uye zvishoma nezvishoma nokusangana kupinda evanhu upenyu hwacho, apo haana kukanganwa midzi yavo.

Vagari vakauya navo vazhinji kurima zvokushandisa, kusvikira nguva havana kushandiswa Russia. Vakashandisawo inobudirira-munda matatu kutenderera. Huru tsika dziri akura Volga vokuGermany zviyo, neshinda mbatatisi, hemp, fodya. Dzimwe miti huru-pamwero kuparadzirwa munzvimbo Russian Empire vakanga vakasuma chaiyo nokuda rudzi urwu.

Asi hazvisi chete mupenyu kurima kuti Volga vokuGermany, kunyange zvazvo indasitiri ichi chaiva hwaro mabasa ayo. The colonists akatanga basa maindasitiri kubudiswa zvigadzirwa mapurazi, zvikurukuru kugadzirwa hwakatsetseka namafuta sunflower. Mukuwedzera, muna Volga kudunhu vakatanga kukura vachishingaira kugadzira.

About upenyu sezvo vakadaro akaramba ari Volga colonists German munguva XVIII-XIX emakore.

Organization of zvionera Republic

Bolsheviks vakauya simba upenyu vangasimudzira achinja munyika. Hwakakura kukanganisa chiitiko ichi yakanga upenyu Volga eGermany.

Pakutanga zvaiita kuti asvike vaKomonisiti anovimbisei vokuGermany mberi masimba uye kuzvidzora utariri nezvaanogona. Muna 1918, musi chikamu aimbova mapurovhinzi Samara uye Saratovka akasikwa Volga German zvionera Soviet Socialist Republic, iro kusvikira muna 1923 aiva mamiriro zvionera nharaunda. dzidzo ichi zvaisanganisira zvakananga RSFSR, asi ainakidzwa zvikuru zvinogona kuzvidzora.

The muzinda Volga German zvionera Soviet Socialist Republic aiva Saratov wokutanga, uye kubva muna 1919 - Marksshtadt (zvino guta Marx). Muna 1922, muzinda pakupedzisira vakatamira kuguta Pokrovsk, izvo 1931 vakagamuchira zita Shona.

The simba huru yaiva CEC pakati vokuSoviet munyika, uye kubva 1937 - the Supreme Council.

German raishandiswa senzira mutauro yechipiri muhofisi. Pakutanga 1939, anenge-muzvitatu maviri chavagari dzidzo ichi vaiva Volga vokuGermany.

collectivization

Zvisinei, hatingagoni kutaura kuti Volga eGermany aigona neupenyu yeSoviet. Kana vakawanda murimi mudiki vagari Russia vaimbova serfs uye pashure kusunungurwa kubva serfdom, panguva yakanakisisa, akava nyika-murombo vanhuwo zvavo, pakati vokuGermany yaiva yakakwirira chikamu varidzi vakapfuma. Izvi imhaka yokuti zvinhu zviri Volga mudunhu Colonisation vakafunga kuti kupa vanhu vakawanda munyika maturakiti. Naizvozvo, kwaiva mhuri dzakawanda kuti vaionekwa ne Bolshevik zviremera se "kulak".

Volga vokuGermany - vanhu Russia, uyo akapotsa akatambura zvikuru kubva "dispossession" acho. nhengo dzakawanda dzeboka iri dzinza vakasungwa, mumajeri, uye kunyange akaurayiwa nedanho collectivization. nokuda kusakwana yakarongwa seboka utariri vasingagoni kushanda pamwe ramazana mugove kunyatsoshanda nako akaparadza upfumi rakashanda.

nzara

Asi asina kutombonaka mu upenyu German Volga. Muna 1932-1933 munharaunda vakagamuchira mukare nzara. kwete chete Akanga nokuda kusakura, asiwo chokwadi chokuti mumapurazi compulsorily vanosungirwa kuti unzi zvose zviyo hurumende. The chikero nzara kuti hwapararira Volga nharaunda, akafanana chete kuti chakafanana chakajairika, kwakaitika panguva iri munharaunda muUkraine uye Kazakhstan.

The nhamba chaiyo kufa nokuziya nenzara pamusoro vokuGermany Zvakaoma chaizvo kuona, asi zvinofungidzirwa kuti zvinonyatsorehwa mwero wokufa kwevanhu mune zvionera zvokuvhoterwa muna 1933 vakasvika 50,1 zviuru. People, apo zvakanga muna 1931, akaenzana 14.1 zviuru. People. Kwemakore maviri nzara vakatakura, panguva yakanakisisa, makumi ezviuru zvevanhu ari Volga eGermany.

kudhipotwa

Kwokupedzisira furidza kuti akagamuchira Russian veGermany kubva paitonga Stalin hwechiFascist, razova munyika yavo kumanikidzwa.

Wokutanga chiito zvakanangwa utongi pamusoro pavo vakatanga yechipiri yezana 30s, kana ukama pakati Soviet Union uye Nazi Germany vakanga neshungu. Stalin akaona kukanganisa vokuGermany vose, achifunga kuti sezvo zvinogona vaishandira Reich. Naizvozvo, nhengo dzose munhu akapiwa nyika, kushandira mupomerwi indasitiri, kana kushumira muchiuto, mune zvakanaka nyaya kunge akaendesa, uye kazhinji wasungwa.

Pakutanga kweHondo Yenyika II aireva monyorora itsva kune unosuruvarisa njodzi-refu kutambura vanhu. Munguva yechipiri hafu 1941 - kutapwa Volga vokuGermany rakazova wokutanga hafu 1942 kubva mudzimba dzavo kure mudunhu Kazakhstan, Siberia uye Central Asia. Uye kuunganidza zuva ravo vakapiwa, uye dzakabvumirwa kutora chete shoma zvinhu zvavo. Pokutapwa yakaitwa pasi kutarisira NKVD.

Munguva oparesheni, zvakanzi aivigirwa anenge mamiriyoni 1 veGermany kubva siyana dziri USSR, asi vakawanda vavo vakanga chaizvo vagere Volga nharaunda.

The ezvinhu aripo

Vaidzvinyirirwa Volga vokuGermany vakawanda havana kukwanisa kudzokera kumusha. Vakaedza kuronga kuzvionera kwayo Kazakhstan pakupera pakati 70s, asi akasangana kurwisa kubva vomunzvimbo. Kuedza uremu kudzoka kuna Volga nharaunda pashure pokuwa hurumende yeSoviet vaivawo achakundikana nokuti imba apo kamwe akararama Volga vokuGermany, uye ikozvino akagadzirisa, vagari vatsva, asina kuda kudzokera dzakare varidzi. Naizvozvo, vazhinji kwemadzinza vemuGermany akaenda Germany. Chete vamwe vavo akakwanisa kudzokera kuguta Shona. Volga zvino haisi nzvimbo tsindirana yakagara dzinza akati.

Pari, vanenge 500 zviuru. Volga vokuGermany vagere munzvimbo dzakasiyana dzeRussia, vanenge zviuru 180. Ramba kugara Kazakhstan, asi vazhinji vakaenda Germany, USA, Canada uye Argentina.

tsika nemagariro

Volga vokuGermany vane zvikuru dzakasiyana tsika, riri chiyero yakaenzana hwakasiyana zvose kubva tsika yokuRussia, uye tsika runodiwa pakati Germany.

Ruzhinji rudzi urwu tiri vaKristu dzenzvimbo siyana, kunyanya yechiPurotesitendi (Lutheran, vaBaptist, vechiMennonite, uye zvichingodaro. D.), Asi wandei vavo uye Orthodox uye nevaKaturike.

Pasinei nemakore munyika uye kuparadzana, vazhinji Volga vokuGermany vachiri kuramba tsika dzavo uye mutauro. Tinogona kutaura kuti kwemazana emakore chokugara kunze Germany vakava vakaparadzana dzinza, izvo, zvisinei, kwakafanana kuti rudzi, kuti ikozvino anogara munhau kumusha pakati vokuGermany.