Boris Nikolaevich Chicherin: basa, enyika maonero, photo, Biography

Boris Chicherin aiva mumwe kupfuura dzokumadokero hafu wechipiri XIX remakore. Iye aimiririra mwero sunungukei bapiro, ari mutsigiri nekuyanana nezviremera. Nokuda kwaizvozvi, chinowanzoonekwa vanotsigira vakararama. Hurumende Soviet haina kufanana Chicherina kuti kushora gutsaruzhinji. Naizvozvo, chete nhasi tinogona tisingasaruri kuongorora kukosha mabasa ayo.

makore okutanga

Boris Nikolaevich Chicherin akaberekwa June 7, 1828. Akanga ari chizvarwa Tambov vanokudzwa mhuri. baba vake vaiva muzvinabhizimisi aibudirira, tengesa doro. Boris akatendeuka dangwe vabereki (aiva hama nhanhatu uye hanzvadzi). vana vose vawane dzidzo yepamusoro. Muna 1844, Boris uye mukoma wake Basil (baba yemberi vanhu commissar nokuda Foreign Affairs of USSR), akatamira Moscow kupinda kuyunivhesiti. Mudzidzisi majaya vakava vakakurumbira worupo woKumadokero Dasha Granovsky. Iye zano protege yake kuenda kuchikoro mutemo, izvo zvaakaita.

Boris Nikolaevich Chicherin kudzidza University muna 1849. The nguva yezvidzidzo ake ichatonga zvine mbiri Nicholas maitiro kuti vakatevera kukundwa pakati Decembrists. Rusununguko rwekutaura rairambidzwa, izvo, chokwadi, haana kufanana akarurama manzwiro vemo. Boris Chicherin vaiva chete kusvika interlayer. Chimwe womumhuri hwake vakava nokumukirana European pamusoro 1848, izvo chaizvo vaiisa paumbwe maonero ake.

Zvikuru unoshamisa vaiva zviitiko muFrance. Jaya nomufaro nhau chimurenga chekutanga, asi gare gare akapa pamusoro yakadaro muitiro evanhu kukura. Kunyange akwegura, iye akaswedera kurutivi pfungwa yokuti mamiriro haagoni mberi akasvetuka. Revolution - hazviitwi. Tiri kutsvaka zvishoma nezvishoma kuchinja pane "quackery demagogues", vakurukuri panotangira vasingafari nezvaiitika revanhu. Panguva iyoyowo, zvisinei kuora mwoyo pokuchinja, Boris Nikolaevich Chicherin aiva worupo. Nokuti Russia, yova muvambi mutemo yepamutemo.

In Nicholas Russian

Pokutangira enyika uye dzouzivi maonero anofunga akazviratidza achidzidzisa Hegel. Chicherin pakupedzisira reinterpreted ake dzisiri hurongwa. Anofunga aidavira kuti pane ina mavambo kwakakwana - honzeri, anonzwisisa uye zvinhu fuma, uyewo mweya kana pfungwa (kuti ndicho chinangwa chikuru). Muvanhu mu izvi mananara zvinoratidzwa - veruzhinji, kwakabva mhuri, chechi uye hurumende. Hegel akapikisa kuti nyaya uye pfungwa - ndiko chete nekuratidza mweya. In mutoo uyu zvinoreva mutemo kuti hurumende absorbs zvose mamwe masangano (mhuri, chechi, uye zvichingodaro. D.). Boris Nikolaevich Chicherin kutyiswa pfungwa, asi haana kubvumirana nazvo. Aidavira kuti zvose mana-pamusoro apa mananara vakaenzana uye noenderana. Ake maonero enyika muupenyu hwakavakirwa ichi nyore pafungidziro.

Muna 1851 Chicherin vakapfuura bvunzo uye akava tenzi. chinyorwa chake yakanga iri nyaya paruzhinji masangano Russia muna XVII remakore. Maonero vanapurofesa nenguva zvizere zvaidiwa matsvene pfungwa Nicholas I "Orthodoxy, autocracy uye nyika." Saka, kuzvikudza izvi havana kugamuchirwa chinyorwa Chicherin, sezvo ari mairi akatsoropodza zvematongerwo enyika yacho XVII remakore. Makore mashoma vechidiki pasina rakapera achingondinetsa mapurofesa kuti chinyorwa richiri "akapfuura". Ita zvinoita chete muna 1856. Musi uyu haasi netsaona. Mugore iroro, Nicholas ndakanga atofa, uye chigaro aiva mwanakomana wake Alexander II. A enguva itsva yakatanga kuti Russia, panguva iyo kwakadaro "fronderskie" chinyorwa vakatorwa pamwe nevamwe.

WoKumadokero uye yokutungamirira

Zvinobva pfungwa nemaonero, Biography Chicherina Borisa Nikolaevicha muenzaniso woupenyu uye basa dzokumadokero. Nechekare muduku, iye Akakwezva munyika njere munharaunda. nyaya yake, yakabudiswa kumavambo ushe Alexander II, muna 1858, dzakatorwa ari oga bhuku "kwakaita nhoroondo mutemo Russian." muunganidzwa iyi chakakodzera vaiona hwaro dzakaitika-pamutemo kana voruzhinji chikoro mudzimai mutemo. Chicherin akava ayo ndima kupayona pamwe Konstantin Kavelin uye Sergeem Solovevym.

Vamiriri ichi muitiro vanodavira kuti hurumende ndiyo huru kutyaira simba munyika yose. Chicherin yakatangawo Pfungwa muuranda uye nekodzero dzevanhu evanhu makirasi. Ake maonero aiva kuti pane imwe neimwe yenhoroondo kusimudzira Russian muvanhu kudzivisa kwaita serfdom. Izvi zvakanga zvakafanira kuti upfumi uye magariro zvinokonzera. Zvino, ari pakati XIX remakore, kudiwa yakanyangarika. Historians, vezvematongerwo waitsigira kusunungurwa vanhuwo zvavo.

journalistic mabasa

Alexander II, uyo akauya simba muna 1855, akarasikirwa muna Crimean War, akaziva kuti nyika inoda kuchinja. baba vake vakaramba Russian nzanga chando, saka kutaura, zvichengeteke ezvinhu. Zvino vose matambudziko akakwira akabuda. Uye kutanga - the murimi mudiki mubvunzo. Change Runonzwika pakarepo. It yakatanga paruzhinji nhaurirano. Anovhura mapeji mapepanhau. Liberals aiva "Russian Gazette" Slavophiles "Russian kukurukura." In kukurukurwa zveupfumi dzaibatanidzwa uye Chicherin Boris Nikolaevich.

WoKumadokero kwave nokukurumidza kuva akakurumbira uye vakaziva wenhau. Nechekare achiri muduku, akava rake werudzii, wakaumbwa dzakawanda dzinotaura kare yeRussian wehurumende. Chicherin akanga asiri yakakura norupo uye "murwi pamusoro hurumende." Aidavira kuti umambo aizokwanisa kutsungirira matambudziko vaunganidza, kana pakudzidza kuchinja. Task-gutsaruzhinji wenhau akaona rubatsiro kuzviremera, uye kwete kuparadzwa kwayo. Chikamu yakadzidza munzanga anofanira kurayiridza ehurumende uye kubatsira kuti chisarudzo chakarurama. Aya akanga asiri mashoko asina maturo. Zvinozivikanwa kuti Alexander II achiverenga pepanhau ose zuva rose masangano ezvematongerwo enyika, kuongorora uye kudzienzanisa. The mambo akanga kuzivana nemabasa Chicherin. By pezvawakaita, mambo akanga asiri munhu woKumadokero, asi pragmatism yake kumanikidzwa kuti zvichemo, "yavose zvakanaka".

Chicherin Boris Nikolaevich akaramba mutsigiri absolutism uyewo nokuti akafunga ino chinobudirira kana toreva kuita kuvengwa zvisarudzo. Kana autocratic simba yasarudza vatendeuke nayo vachakwanisa kuzviita pasina kutarisa Paramende, uye chero kupi zvako. nokushorwa. Mambo akaita wehunyambiri maitiro mhinduro nokukurumidza uye vachibvumirana. Naizvozvo, pakati vatsigiri centralization simba kwagara uye Chicherin Boris Nikolaevich. Dzokumadokero vasaziva zvikanganiso wegadziriro, muchitenda kuti achapfuura pachavo, apo hurumende akaita inokosha kuchinja wokutanga.

Kukakavadzana navo

In mabhuku Soviet Biography Chicherina Borisa Nikolaevicha vaiona zvachero uye kukwana. hurumende Socialist anopesana pfungwa dzakawanda kuti akadzivirira gweta. Panguva iyoyowo, muupenyu hwake, iye vakashorwa nevazhinji vamwe dzokumadokero. Rakanga chokuita yokuti Chicherin waitsigira mumwe nekuyanana nezviremera. Haana kuedza kuchinja nokukurumidza, vachiyeuka 1848 gore.

Somuenzaniso, munyori vaidavira kuti akakodzera Hurumende inofanira kuva miviri mumiririri, kusanganisira Paramende. Asi muna Russia, haana kuona zvinhu nokuda kwoUmambo nemasangano dzakadaro. Society yakanga isati zvakakwana yakatanga Pakuonekwa kwavo. Chaiva nepakati chinzvimbo. In feudal Russia, yayo gobvu miduku yokuruwa kusadzidza uye munzanga passivity oruzhinji chavagari kungoti haana kuva tsika enyika kuti anogona kuenzaniswa tichienzanisa Western. Vazhinji liberals uye vavengi autocracy akafunga kudaro. vanhu ava vaidavira Chicherina anenge ane zvaakaitawo nehurumende.

Somuenzaniso, sydäntä akafananidza kuna Saint-Just - neshasha chinovhundusa uye kuti Jacobin udzvinyiriri echimurenga France. Chicherin akasangana naye kuLondon muna 1858. Sydäntä akararama muutapwa, apo kuonga kwake vanoshingaira journalistic mabasa vane zvakarwadza chaizvo mamiriro pfungwa Russian. Chicherin pakupindura kutsoropodzwa munyori yokufungidzira "Ndiani mhosva?" Akapindura kuti iye "asingazivi sei kuchengeta zvine pakati." Spores wevanyori maviri akakurumbira akauya pasina, uye vakagovana hapana nzira vachibvumirana, kunyange akanzwa kuti mumwe kuremekedzana.

kutsoropodzwa muboka revatungamiriri

Munyori uye publicist Boris Nikolaevich Chicherin, vane mabasa haana kutsoropodza hwaro autocratic ino (oga simba namambo), akasarudzwa dzimwe pachena simba pfungwa yeRussian wehurumende. Akaziva kuti chikanganiso chakakomba munyika administrative ino ndiyo pokutonga muboka revatungamiriri. Nokuda kwaizvozvi, kunyange vakadzidza, kubudirira chinhu muupenyu, tinofanira kuenda kumachinda vaiona Chicherin BN

The Biography munhu uyu - munhu womunyika Biography ane mhuri inoremekedzeka pachimwe kuburikidza ake nesimba uye tarenda. Hazvishamisi kuti munyori akaona kudiwa kuti chidzoke munhu cohesive paiva landlords vakakurumbira vaitsigira worupo kuchinja. Zvinonzi izvi yakadzidza uye vanhu vakapfuma vaigona kuva chipingamupinyi kuti kutonga remafupa vakuru, kune rumwe rutivi, uye mhirizhonga, wakarongwa chinzvimbo uye faira, kune rumwe.

Vakaneta bureaucratic uye va neudhadha hurongwa rakanga inosemesa zhinji, uye munhevedzano izvi, hapana mubvunzo, akanga Chicherin BN Biography ari munyori zvinosanganisira zvinofadza uye chinokosha chokwadi. Pashure akava purofesa, iye aifanira chevatatu hurumende wepachitsuwa. Zvisinei, wenhau akaramba izvozvo uye haana kugamuchira mucherechedzo iri chepamusoro kunyange "zvechipameso". Nhaka akanga agamuchira kubva baba mhuri wemunda. Kuva akangwara uye nokungwarira muridzi, Chicherin aigona kuponesa upfumi. Mumazana upenyu munyori, yakaramba zvinobatsira uye kunotangira zveminda. mari iyi akabvumira nguva pamusoro rinoitirwa, zvinhu uye chesayenzi.

Mushure abolition kuti serfdom

Pausiku ari murimi mudiki kuchinja Boris Nikolaevich Chicherin (1828-1904) akaenda rwendo Europe. Paakadzokera kunyika yokumusha kwake, nyika yakava yakasiyana zvachose. Serfdom yakaguma, uye nzanga yakabvamburwa nharo pamusoro reRussia ramangwana. Munyori pakarepo mumabasa makakatanwa ichi. Aitsigira simba racho kuita uye akadana Regulation 19 February 1861 gore, "yakanakisisa shongwe mitemo Russian". Panguva iyoyo vari vaviri makuru mumayunivhesiti munyika (Moscow uye St. Petersburg) kwakawedzera mudzidzi sangano. Young vanhu vakataura siyana masirogani, kusanganisira zvematongerwo enyika ndivo. Vatungamiriri dzidzo yepamusoro pakuchengetedzwa imwe nguva fluctuated uye havana kuziva sei kuti anzwe. Vamwe mapurofesa kunyange tsitsi pamwe vadzidzi. Chicherin akaitira zvinodiwa vadzidzi maererano yavo zvakananga rokudzidzisa muitiro (uvandudze ezvinhu uye zvichingodaro. D.). Asi Anti-hurumende masirogani munyori akatsoropodza, tichifunga ouduku kushingaira kwavo achiita kuti hapana chakanaka haazovanzwiri.

Chicherin Boris Nikolaevich, ane enyika maonero Chokwadi, vakanga Westernized, zvisinei aidavira kuti nyika chokutanga tinoda kuti. Saka, zvinogona akakudzwa vachinakidzwa dziviriro kana kuchinja. Yakanga pashure 1861 anotarira Chicherina pakupedzisira kuumbwa. Vakatora chimiro umo vaizivikanwa kuvazukuru. Mune rimwe remabhuku aro, munyori akatsanangura kuti kuchinja liberalism - kuyananiswa pakutanga mutemo uye nesimba uye kutanga rusununguko. Mutsara uyu akava akakurumbira munyika mukuru hurumende madenderedzwa. Its zvikuru imwe huru akaenda Alexander II - Prince Alexander Gorchakov.

Zvisinei, nheyo iyi haana kuva dzinokosha yemberi Zvaitongwa hurumende. Simba simba uye zvinhu matanho - pano sei kurondedzera mune rimwe remabhuku Chicherin Boris Nikolaevich. Brief Biography kumunyori anoti upenyu hwake nokukurumidza kwakaratidzwa chiitiko chinokosha. nyaya yake uye mabhuku akakurumbira namambo. A zvakananga mugumisiro mafungiro ichi chaiva kukokwa Chicherina kuva chipangamazano uye mudzidzisi Nikolai Alexandrovich - mugari wenhaka chigaro. Historian nomufaro.

The mudzidzisi Crown Prince

Zvisinei, munguva pfupi nenjodzi. Muna 1864, Nikolay Aleksandrovich akaenda chinyakare rwendo Europe. Pakati varanda vake uye aiva Chicherin Boris Nikolaevich. Photos of munyori uyu kakawanda vanoguma mumapepanhau, akava chinokosha munhoroondo kuRussia intelligentsia. Asi muna Europe zvaifanira vanomboenda kumisa journalistic mabasa avo. Akanga akabatikana uye mugari wenhaka, uyezve, Florence akarwara typhus. Chicherina hwakanga chaityisa, asi pakarepo akapora. Asi mudzidzi wake Nikolai Alexandrovich zvishoma murombo. Akafa tubercular yomumuzongoza muna Nice muna 1865.

Nhoroondo pachavo kuporeswa kwavo uye zvaisafungidzirwa rufu wenhaka kuti chigaro choushe kunetseka kwazvo Chicherin. Akatonyanya zvechitendero. Panguva Nikolai Alexandrovich mudzidzisi ndakaona murume munguva yemberi, kukwanisa kuramba norupo kuchinja baba vake. Nguva yaratidza kuti mugari wenhaka mutsva zvakaratidza kuva akasiyana munhu. Pashure chigaro Alexander II, Alexander III rakaderedzwawo kutendeuka. Parakatanga rinotevera chinozunguzirwa mamiriro nemapinduriro (sezvo pasi Nicholas I). Chicherin akararama kusvika zera rino. Akanga ndoga pokuwa pachavo zvavaitarisira pamusoro vana chevaux-somununuri.

Mudzidzisi uye munyori

Zvaakanga akapora uye kuRussia, Chicherin akatanga kudzidzisa ari Moscow University. Akatanga zvibereko kupfuura nguva okugadzira zvinhu nesayenzi. Sezvo yechipiri yezana 60s. aigara rakabudiswa mabhuku dzinokosha, munyori chakanga Boris Nikolaevich Chicherin. The chikuru nemabasa munyori vaibata pamwe nehurumende uye magariro erudzi Russia. Muna 1866, muzivi uye wenhoroondo, akanyora bhuku "Pamusoro cherudo People." On mumapeji basa iri Chicherin akabvuma kuti yepamutemo umambo ndiyo ezvematongerwo yakanakisisa system asi Russia haasati akakurukura anodiwa ezvinhu ayo atifarire.

basa rake akaramba anenge kucherechedzwa iri mberi nemauto ari paruzhinji. Boris Nikolaevich Chicherin pamusoro liberals iyoyo akambotaura pachena uye pachena - kunyora bhuku zvakadzika, masayendisiti Russia maturo. Vatsigiri zvakadaro kukuru kuzvitonga nokumukira, kana kusuwa navo sezvo imwe kuita chigadzirwa. The njodzi Chicherin ari munyori, uye chokwadi zvakawanda. Vanotsigira vaairarama, haana akabvuma uye zviremera Soviet, uye chete muRussia ano nokuti nguva yokutanga mabhuku ake akanga pasi mukana wakakwana, chinangwa kuongororwa ndiwo mamiriro ezvinhu enyika.

Muna 1866, Boris Chicherin akazvipira kudzidzisa uye akazvipira zvakakwana kunyora mabhuku nesayenzi. Munyori, akasiya ari kunyunyuta. Iye wandei worupo mapurofesa (uyewo demonstratively vakasiya zvinzvimbo zvavo) Zviito zvakagumbura Rector of Moscow State University Sergei Barsheva. Iye, pamwe chete vakuru kubva reBazi Redzidzo akaedza kuwedzera mvumo vadzidzisi maviri kuchinja, kunyange zvazvo maitiro aya zvinopesana Charter.

Pashure wokupomera ichi Chicherin vakatamira mhuri yavatezvara vavarindi iri Tambov province. Akanyora nguva dzose, asi nguva 1882-1883 gg., Paakanga akasarudzwa Meya Moscow. Sezvo nomukurumbira, munyori akakwanisa kugadzirisa matambudziko akawanda zvoupfumi guru. Uyezve, akatora chikamu mune mhemberero yacho kugadza Alexander III.

mabasa Major

Ndezvipi zvinokosha mabhuku akasiya Chicherin Boris Nikolaevich? "Uzivi muMutemo", rakabudiswa muna 1900, akava mukuru mabasa ake okupedzisira. Mubhuku rino, munyori akaenda danho akashinga. Pfungwa yokuti zviri pamutemo hurongwa kunogona uzivi, ipapo akapikisana ne simba positivists. Asi Chicherin samagariro, haana kutarisa nemaonero vakawanda, uye nguva dzose uye zvakasimba akadzivirira nzvimbo yake.

Chokutanga, akashora kwakapararira kudavira kuti kodzero - inzira yokurwisana pakati akasiyana evanhu mauto uye zvavanofarira. Chechipiri, munyori vakatendeukira kuna zvakaitika uzivi yekare. Kubva mumabhuku echiGiriki, akadzidza pfungwa "mutemo zvakasikwa", kutanga uye kutamira kune Russian zvisatomboshamisa nguva yake. Chicherin aidavira kuti mitemo inofanira inobva kuziva rusununguko dzevanhu.

Nhasi tinogona zvakachengeteka kutaura kuti muvambi Russian nesayenzi enyika ndizvo Boris Nikolaevich Chicherin. iye About liberalism uye dzimwe pfungwa mirayiridzo akanyora panguva muduku munyaya dzakawanda. Mugore 80-90-ies. musayendisiti avimbiswa zvakananga chete yokungotaura divi mune zvematongerwo enyika. Akanyora chinokosha bhuku "Property uye Vehurumende" (1883) uye "State of Science Course" (1896).

Mune zvaakanyora, vatsvakurudzi kuedza kupindura mibvunzo yakasiyana-siyana: .. Ndedzipi bvumidzwa yezvinoreva administrative michina basa kuti ndiye "voruzhinji, chii vari zvinangwa muboka revatungamiriri, etc. Somuenzaniso, ongorora basa rehurumende iri zvoupfumi upenyu munyika, Chicherin akatsoropodza chipingaidzo yakawandisa zviremera. Theorists vanodavira kuti muchikamu ichi hwenyika pakutanga inofanira kuva private danho.

Boris Chicherin akafa musi February 16, 1904. A vhiki pamberi hondo yeRussia-Japanese. Nyika iri pakupedzisira kupinda kwayo XX remakore, azere pemhirizhonga ropa (nokukurumidza ndokusvika chimurenga chekutanga). Munyori haana kubata zviitiko izvi. Asi muupenyu hwake hwose aiziva ngozi enyika radicalism uye zvose mauto kuedza kudzivisa njodzi.