Education centralized Russian Hurumende: prerequisites, features, kwawakabva

Kwokupedzisira kuondomoka Russia muna 1132 raiva chisingadzivisiki. Kukura feudal vanhu nguva dzose kunounza ichi. Izvi pachako hakusi kunaka chakajairika kuti nzanga yaitonga. Chokwadi, nhoroondo zvidzidzo kuchikoro, uyewo kudzidza mabhuku ekare vatidzidzise zvizvarwa nezvacho kusabatana. Zvakakwana kuyeuka zvimwe vanyori kuti "Mirili" machinda, akavanyevera nezvengozi kusabatana ehurumende. Zvisinei, iyi Kusiyana neizvi, zvinotungamirira kukura arikunze, pavapenyu tsika inobereka mauto munyika dzose. Haisi "akakudzvinya" pamusoro fiefdoms kunonyanyisa pamberi vabatane zvakasimba ezvinhu pamwe musika rimwe.

Haisi rinobatana nechisimba

Education centralized Russian Hurumende haana kutsanya, pasinei ose prerequisites. To mhosva zvose - nechisimba muna 30s iri remakore rechi13 gurusvusvu Mongol-Tatars. kuwedzera zvavo akasunda paumbwe centralized Russian mamiriro kwemazana emakore akawanda, uye yakananga nzvimbo Russia simba vapfumi maguta zvazova run-pasi musha. Kutarisirwa yomuchinda panguva Mongol basa Haasisina vatarisire mundima. Its chikuru basa - kuunganidza nenguva mutero kuna vakundi, kwete kukanganwa pachake. Akasimba akava hugota, ine ngozi zvikuru riri munyaya pamberi eMongolia.

Akanganwa "ugamba" Aleksandra Nevskogo

Nhoroondo nguva ino ine Kashoma yokuparadza zvachose mumaguta ose, akamboda kupandukira simba khans. Chinonyanya kushamisa chinhu kuti conspiracies zvakadai, "vakanyura muropa," machinda Russian. Chimwe chikuru vatsigiri eMongolia - "mudziviriri" yedu yokutenda Aleksandr Nevsky. Kakawanda iri sezvakarayirwa Khans, iye pachake akatungamirira kuri rwendo vakandimukira. Zvisinei, zvakanga Alexander Nevsky vakatanga imba itsva, iyo kwakabatana uye kubatana munyika Russian dzakapoteredza Moscow.

Prerequisites Education of Russian centralized mamiriro

Vaimbove Russia aisagona anoungana chete mamiriro. Izvi akwanise ne:

• A mutauro nevakawanda.
• Common kutenda.
• Joint tsika, mitemo.
• Kwezvipimo matanho Nhoroondo.
• Related dzezvokukurukurirana, uye saizvozvo. D.

Development zvokurima

Nepo kukura inobereka mauto hakurevi kusvika yepamusoro kumatunhu kubatanidza mangwanani kutaura. Asi kubva pakutanga remakore rechi14 kunotanga kushingaira zvoupfumi pamwe pakati kamwe-vakabatana munyika. Chikonzero ichi - the ndichibvunza kukura kurima.

Earth akadzidza kurarama pasi pejoko. Asi usakanganwa kuti "Mongolian chivharo 'kunodzivirira pamwero mukuru hondo uye yaingopambwa. Peaceful budiriro zvakakonzera chokwadi chokuti kamwe shama nzvimbo akatanga kukura zvakare. Mukuwedzera, vanopinda nechisimba akaratidza maindasitiri matsva kuti handina kare Inoziva Rusich, - ruminant uye bhiza maberekero. Economic regionalization harina pasina ane basa kusakarongeka zvoupfumi zvaizova nyore maturo. Naizvozvo, paumbwe centralized Russian mamiriro kufurirwa aifanira kusika pamusika chete. Asi kupfuura zvose zvakanga zvakakodzera kuvhara madzishe. Remasangano pavo Church. Pairi huchakurukurwa.

Basa chechi

Nderake guru basa Church mu paumbwe Russian centralized mamiriro. Izvi imhaka yokuti munguva Mongol-wechiTatar nechisimba, vanopinda nechisimba havana kumubata. Mukupesana, vakapa rusununguko wake wakakwana uye rusununguko. Mongolian uchenjeri anoziva hapana zvakafanana munhau - havana achinja akakunda ndudzi. Paaiva, sezvo mutemo, tsika uye kwesayenzi kukura kuvatumwa yakakunda marudzi, kuti Mongol-Tatars vakaedza kushandisa zvose zvinokosha migumisiro pakukura kwavo. Zvisinei, kunyange panguva iyoyo, havana kuda, zvazvinosarira zvakafanana: chitendero, mabhuku, unyanzvi. madiro enyika chete kunge zvakawanda. Panyaya dzemari uye netsika kukura, ikapiwa rusununguko rwokusarudza zvakakwana, kungova nenguva kubhadhara "kunze."

Kutendeutsa kuna Islam, kuti Horde kumbobvira akamutsa nyaya kukanganisa pamusoro Orthodoxy muRussia uye nokuiswa chimwe chitendero. Vakanzwisisa kuti mutero ichaongororwa hakuzivani kuti vanhuwo murume. Hazvinei apo iye anoenda - muKiev kana mudura. Zvisinei, kurwiswa nokutenda muna mweya - murume uyu asingagoni zvaitombova. Life chinoonekwa sezvo zororo pfupi kusingaperi hwemafaro. Edza kushandura kuti - uye vanhu Russian vachafa pakurwisa vanopinda nechisimba.

The basa weRussia inotungamirira kuwedzera chechi

Nekuda kwechikonzero ichi Kereke kuRussia haasi chete akadzimwa, asi nekusiyana, akakura akapfuma. Iye akapiwa shama nyika kuti ave rasakadzwa nehondo uye kuparadza. Uyezve, chechi yaiva feudal ishe simba. Kwaari vakauya vachimhanya zvakaipa uye akadzvinyirira vanhu. Ikoko vakapiwa pokugara, pokugara asi bydi vaifanira kushanda kuti kwayo kubatsira. Chero bedzi, ndiwo manyoro zvikuru kupfuura zvatinosiita feudal madzishe. Church wakadarikwa kubva muripo rokubva Mongol "buda," uye Fathers vatsvene vakanga mwero kupfuura zvenyika vairemekedzwa.

The kukura simba feudal nemadzishe vakakumbira yakabatana mamiriro

Simba dzemamongi uye feudal madzishe vakakumbira kusaroora rinotema ayo neropafadzo chinzvimbo neimwe kweutongi, uye pamusoro chete yakakura ine ine administrative midziyo simba. Naizvozvo, chechi yokutanga feudal madzishe vakatsigira kubatana munyika Russian dzakapoteredza Moscow. Zvainakidza pano kubva Vladimir chinowanzokonzera Russian nyika yose mumaguta aro kukwirira refu asati unokubvumira vafunga dzakadaro.

Kutanga kusaroora: chikuva wokutanga (kuguma remakore rechi13 - 1462)

Creation ane centralized Russian mamiriro kwakaitika mumatanho dzakawanda. Pakutanga kwaiva mubvunzo guru nezveramangwana. Nhasi, zvakaoma kudavira, asi paumbwe centralized Russian vaisagona kuitika pasi flag Tver, Moscow uye kwete, sezvo zvakanga vanowanzoguma kuita izvi:

• yakanaka nenzvimbo nzvimbo;
• huru centre;
• kwokutanga rutsigiro khans;
• zveupfumi uye uto simba.

Kuneta - huru zvinobatsira

Zvisinei, zvinhu paumbwe Russian centralized hurumende kuti ichangobva kutaurwa zvinobatsirawo kurwira utungamiriri kazhinji degenerating kupinda payakaipira. Hana aiva nechokwadi nzvimbo dzakadaro. Ivo vokutanga zvombo guta Vladimir, zvichiita chete aizviti muzinda. Yeuka kuti huru zita muRussia ainzi "The Grand Duke Vladimir." Naye machinda Russian achiwana Chikwata pamusoro administrative utariri mumaguta ose. Zvisinei, guta Vladimir akatendeukira mumusha, sezvo eMongolia vakatevera chisingabviri vayo pakakwirira. Vaitya kuti ave mureza yerusununguko pamusoro Khans.

Vakundi vasiri kutongwa

Apo wokutanga mwanakomana Aleksandra Nevskogo Daniil (1282-1303 gg.) To Moscow akabva chete yakapoteredza misha mukati nharaunda 40? Km. Zvisinei, vazukuru Kumukundi pakati vokuGermany uye yeSweden kwemakore 80 aita, zvichida, zvose kuti kunobvira: vakaroorana Khan, akaunganidza mari, akatenga vose vakasununguka Knights Estates mune dzimwe ukuru, akatamira Metropolitan chivako kwaari uye noutsinye akakurira yemuna muna Tver pamusoro Khan kuti akaita guta rino pasi.

chokutanga nemishonga

Pakazosvika 1380, muna simba redu, Prince Dmitry akasarudza kupa kuramba Horde. Chokwadi, chero anonzi zvinyorwa uye yekare vanyori Russian, hondo Kulikovo haana kuzorwa Khan, uye pamusoro mumwe Tartar wamambo - Mamaia. In parlance ano, "upstart" vakanga vasina chiremera chepamutemo yose Horde. Asi munhuwo chokwadi nokusateerera chamuita kuti chii chiri kare mukuru mukuru Khan Tokhtamysh 2 Kwapera makore, muna ra1382, pachake akatora mugove kurwisa Moscow, ndokuchipisa pasi. mabhuku History kutaura zvakawanda pamusoro Hondo Kulikov, ayo kukunda zvinoreva. Zvisinei, mitsetse miviri chete dzinotaurwawo kuri vachiurayiwa wokuRussia mushure chiitiko.

Association haagumiri

Kunze kuhondo pamwe Golden Horde Dmitry Donskoy akaramba dzidzo yake centralized Russian mamiriro. By Moscow zvakabatanidzwa Dmitrov, Uglich, Starodub, Kostroma, nharaunda Beloozero.

Pakazopera remakore rechi14 akaita rokutanga matanho pamusoro accession of Novgorod Republic. Zvisinei, kunyange kuwana zvawo kodzero Dvina nyika hazvibviri. Novgorod Kunyatsofunga akapfuma wokutengesera kwete chete Russia asiwo munyika yose. Huge mari kubvumira kwake kuti vairamba kuti nechisimba. Chete gare gare, pashure accession dzose kuti pave chingwa nokuda rusununguko-rudo zvokuvhoterwa, Moscow vachishandisa tyisidzira uye zvoupfumi blockade atyora muna Novgorod kudzivirira. Kuvimba zviyo Novgorod kwainge utsinye chinosekesa pamwe zvokuvhoterwa.

The mukunopera

Kwokupedzisira pavaipfuura nokushamwaridzana ndohwaJehovha 1462-1533 gore - kubva rokutonga Ivan III (1462-1505) pamberi kuguma rokutonga mwanakomana wake, Vasily III (1505-1533). Pashure pavo, vasina kuroora ruchavapo murugare chete pasi Ivan anotyisa. Kutoti Chokwadi, nguva ino inogona kunzi rugare. Pashure paizvozvo anouya yakareba Nguva Troubles uye kupindira.

Paumbwe Russian centralized mamiriro nokuda zvinotevera zviitiko zvikuru (14-15 CC.):

• Sapakuparadzwa of Tartar joko.
• Ndakabatana Tver.
• Ndakabatana Novgorod.

Mushure pakuputsa of Horde muna 1480 kwakanga kusina simba kudzivisa mumwe muitiro wakadaro, sezvo paumbwe centralized Russian mamiriro.

Muronga kwemapazi

• 1478 - Ivan III simba kwakunoitwa Novgorod. Moscow kaviri kwakawedzera munharaunda yakakura.
• 1485 - pakupedzisira anobatana mukuru muvengi enyika of Moscow - Tver.
• 1489 - Vyatka nyika vakawanda non-Russian vemo.
• 1510 - muPskov, riri akochonorwa panguva Novgorod. Pashure paizvozvo, kubatana ekupedzisira chete aiva nyaya nguva.
• 1514 - Moscow muhondo pamwe Lithuania recaptures guta Russian rekare Smolensk. guta rino ichiri munguva yemberi richava chigumbuso iri vatorwa wokuti wokuRussia ehurumende uye kutungamirira hondo zvachose pamwe Commonwealth.
• 1521 - pamutemo anobatana Ryazan, kunyange zvazvo chokwadi kwenguva refu machinda Moscow akava divi kwake Ryazan boyars.

Ndinoda kutaura kuti Muscovy, sezvo vakadana nyika iyi, raiva pakukura Europe. Asi paumbwe uye kusimudzira Russian centralized Hurumende haana runyararo. Pezvakaitwa achiperekedzwa kugara hondo, fufuro, vaiurayiwa, kusavimbika.

Education centralized Russian mamiriro. Politika Ivana III uye Vasily III

mumwe mutemo uranda vanhuwo zvavo vakatanga pashure okuguma kwemapazi kwacho. Chaizvoizvo, chii chakanga vakatsvaka madzishe, kusanganisira kereke. Zviri Sudebnik Ivan III muna 1497 kekutanga yakatarwa akavarambidza rworudyi kutarisirwa vanhuwo zvavo kubva Varidzi. Chokwadi, asati kuguma nati haangavi kuruka, asi pacharwo kukamurwa kwave rakakomba kuvhunduka. Saka kure, varimi vakanga kutamira vhiki imwe pamberi St. George Day, pakupera November, uye vhiki imwe gare gare, muna mangwanani December. Zvisinei, Mutemo 1550 Ivana Groznogo uye tinobvisa mutemo uyu. Nokudaro shoko anoenda: "Tora kuti, Ambuya, uye Day St. George," iro zvakakodzera kunoratidza kutanga kusavimbana kana chinotarisirwa.

Mitemo inonzi yakapedza vanhuwo zvavo

Achitaura nguva kuchinja, zvose zvine musoro. Ichitanga okurima basa rakanga shoma. Kana vashandi vabve muridzi pakati ichitanga, zvichaguma kuparadzwa naye. Zvakagadzirwa zviri kuchinja kwaiva maviri:

• Short izwi iri vhiki mbiri mumatsutso.
• Kudiwa kubhadhara "vakwegura."

Yokupedzisira nguva zvinoreva kuti murimi haana kodzero chete kufamba kubva tenzi. Achiri aifanira kubhadhara manpower nani nokuda pambiru, ndiko kuti, kugara mumba. Kana mushandi akambomisa chivanze kwemakore anopfuura mana, aitofanira kubhadhara wakazara Mari chivakwa chitsva.

Saka, paumbwe imwe kusaroora zvakakonzera kutanga uranda vanhuwo zvavo panyika, nekuti paiva administrative kukwanisa kudzora kufamba zvavo.