Genre nhau: zvikamu, nhoroondo yekuvandudza, mienzaniso. Ndiyo nyaya yemhando yemabhuku here? Zviratidzo zvebhuku sechimiro

Nhau nhau ndeimwe yevakakurumbira mumabhuku. Vanyori vakawanda vakatendeukira kwaari uye vakataura naye. Mushure mokuverenga nyaya ino, muchawana kuti ndezvipi zvinyorwa zvemajeri nyaya, mienzaniso yemabasa anozivikanwa zvikuru, pamwe nekukanganisa kwakakurumbira kwakaitwa nevanyori.

Nyaya yacho ndeimwe yezvinyorwa zvinyorwa zvinyorwa. Iyo ibhuku shomanana rekuverenga nenhamba shomanana yevanhu. Muchiitiko ichi, zviitiko zvenguva pfupi zvinoratidzwa.

Nhoroondo shomanana yemhando yenyaya

VG Belinsky (chimiro chake chinoratidzwa pamusoro) muna 1840 chakasiyanisa mufananidzo uye nhau sezvidiki zvinyorwa zveprosaic kubva munhoroondo uye inoverengeka sezvakakura. Ikozvino panguva ino mumabhuku eRussia mazita ezvinyorwa zvemashoko aive pachena.

Kwapera nguva yakati, muchikamu chechipiri chezana remakore rechi19, nyaya yacho yakagamuchira kufambisa kukuru pane zvinyorwa zvemaitiro enyika yedu. Panguva iyoyo, paiva nemafungiro ekuti yaiva yechiratidzo inosiyanisa iyi yerudzi. Nyaya yacho, sezvakange ichitenda ipapo, inoshandiswa kushandiswa kwekufungidzira. Maererano nemamwe maonero, maitiro atinenge tichida kuongorora inosiyana nekukakavadzana kwebasa racho. Mushure mezvose, nheyo yacho inoratidzirwa nekuti iyi inonyanya basa rinotsanangura.

Kubatana kwenguva

Kuti zvive zvakanyatsoratidza hutano hwenyaya yacho, zvakakosha kusimbisa maitiro akawanikwa mairi. Yokutanga yeiyi kubatana kwenguva. Munyaya, nguva yekuita nguva dzose inogumira. Zvisinei, kwete hazvo zuva rimwechete, semabasa ema classicists. Kunyange zvazvo mutemo uyu hauna kuremekedzwa nguva dzose, pane zvisinganzwisisi nhoroondo iyo chirongwa chinofukidza hupenyu hwehutano hunhu. Kunyange zvisingaiti zvinoshanda mumutauro uyu, uyo ane chiito chinopera kwemazana emakore. Kazhinji munyori anoratidza chiitiko kubva muupenyu hwegamba rake. Pakati pezvakaitika nguva yose yehupenyu inoratidza, iwe unogona kuona "Rufu rwaIvan Ilyich" (munyori - Leo Tolstoy) uye "Dushechku" Chekhov. Izvo zvinoitikawo kuti haisi hupenyu hwose hunomiririrwa, asi hurefu hwacho nguva. Semuenzaniso, Chekhov's "Poprygunye" inoratidza zviitiko zvezviitiko zvakakosha mumagumo evanhu, nzvimbo dzakapoteredza, uye kukura kwakaoma kwehukama pakati pavo. Zvisinei, izvi zvinopiwa zvakakwana zvakakwana, pfupi. Icho chirevo chezvakagadzirwa, chikuru kupfuura munyaya yacho, chinhu chinowanzoitika munyaya uye, pamwe, iyo chete.

Kubatana kwechiito uye nzvimbo

Pane zvimwe zviitiko zvemarudzi ezvinyorwa zvinofanira kuonekwa. Kubatana kwenguva kunobatana uye kunogadziriswa neumwe humwe - zviito. Nhau ndeyemhando yemabhuku, iyo inofanira kunge yakakwana kune tsanangudzo yeimwe chiitiko. Dzimwe nguva hukuru, semantic, inoguma mukati maro inova imwechete kana mbiri zviitiko. Nokudaro kubatana kwenzvimbo. Kazhinji chiito chinoitika munzvimbo imwe. Panogona kunge kune anopfuura imwe chete, asi akawanda, asi nhamba yavo haina kunyanya. Semuenzaniso, zvigaro zvinogona kuva 2-3, asi 5 zvatove zvisingawanikwi (zvinogona kungotaurwa chete).

Kubatana kwemunhu

Chimwe chinyorwa che nyaya yacho kubatana kwechimiro. Sezvo mutemo, mune imwe nzvimbo yechigadzirwa chemukati uyu, mumwe unhu hukuru hunoshanda. Pane dzimwe nguva kungave kune maviri, uye kazhinji kashoma. Kana zviri zvinyorwa zviduku, zvinogona kunge zvakanyanya, asi zvinoshanda zvikuru. Nhau ndeyemhando yemabhuku, umo basa revanhu vepachipiri rinongopedzisira kune zvisikwa. Vanogona kupindira kana kubatsira protagonist, asi kwete. Munyaya "Chelkash" Gorky, somuenzaniso, vanhu vaviri chete. Uye muKekhov "Ndinoda kurara," uye vose vari voga, izvo zvisingabviri munyaya kana mumutsara.

Kubatana kwepakati

Zviratidzo zvezvenyaya semhando, zvakanyorwa pamusoro, dzimwe nguva zvinouya kune kubatana kwepakati. Zvechokwadi, nyaya yacho haigoni kufungidzirwa pasina imwe ichitsanangura, chiratidzo chekati, "kukwevera" vamwe vose. Hazvibatsiri zvachose kana ichi chiri pakati chichange chiine chirevo chechirevo chinotsanangurwa, chiitiko chemagumo, kunyanya kwechiito kana chiito chinokosha cheunhu. Mufananidzo mukuru unofanira kunge uri munyaya ipi neipi. Izvo zvakakonzerwa naye kuti zvose zvakagadzirirwa zvinoramba. Anogadzirisa musoro webasa racho, anotsanangura zvinoreva nyaya yakataurwa.

Nheyo inokosha yekuvaka nyaya

Mhedziso yekufunga nezve "kubatana" iri nyore kuita. Iyo pachayo inopa pfungwa yokuti pfungwa huru yekuvaka nhaurwa inoratidzirwa ndeyokubatsira uye kuchengetedza zvinangwa. Tomashevsky akadana chikamu chiduku chiduku chekugadzirwa kwemashoko. Inogona kuva chiito, chimiro kana chiitiko. Ichi chigadziro hachigoni kukanganiswa kuva zvikamu. Nokudaro, chivi chakanyanya kunyorwa nemunyori ndechekunyanyisa kutaura, kuguta kwemashoko, murwi wezvinyorwa zvingave zvisingabvumirwi nekuvandudza rudzi urwu rwebasa. Nyaya yacho haifaniri kugara pamusoro pezvakadzama.

Zvakakosha kutsanangura chete zvakanyanya kukosha, kuitira kuti usadzivisa kukanganisa kwakafanana. Ihwo hunhu hunhu, husinganzwisisiki, kune vanhu vanonyatsoziva mabasa avo. Vane chido chekutaura zvinyorwa mumashoko ose. Vagadziri vemafirimu vechidiki vanowanzoita zvakafanana pavanoisa ma diploma mafirimu nemitambo. Kunyanya, izvi zvinoshanda kumafirimu, nokuti mafungiro omunyori munyaya iyi haasi kungoenderana nemashoko ekutamba.

Vanyori vane mafungiro akabudirira sekuzadza maitiro ezvinyorwa nemashoko anotsanangura. Semuenzaniso, inoratidzira kuti boka remapumhi-mhuka dzinodzingirira sei protagonist yebasa racho. Zvisinei, kana mambakwedza achitanga, ivo vanofanira kumira pane tsanangudzo yemimvuri yakareba, nyeredzi dzakanyenyeka, makore akadzikinurwa. Munyori wacho akaita seanoyemura zvisikwa uye akabva asarudza kuramba achiita. Nyaya inonakidza nhau inopa rusununguko rukuru kune fungiro, saka kudzivisa chikanganiso ichi hachisi nyore nyore.

Basa rezvikonzero munyaya

Zvakakosha kusimbisa kuti mumhando yemhando, zvinangwa zvose zvinofanira kuratidza musoro, kushanda kune chinangwa. Semuenzaniso, pfuti yakatsanangurwa pakutanga kwebasa inofanira kupfura mumagumo. Chinangwa chinoenda kune rumwe rutivi hachifaniri kuiswa munyaya yacho. Kana iwe unofanirwa kutarisa mifananidzo inotsanangura mamiriro ezvinhu, asi usataurira zvakanyanya.

Zviratidzo zvekuumbwa

Izvo zvinofanira kuonekwa kuti hazvidi kuti titevere tsika dzetsika dzekuvaka rugwaro rwemifananidzo. Kuvhiringidzwa kwavo kunogona kuva kunoshamisa. Nyaya inogona kugadzirwa zvese pane imwe tsanangudzo. Asi iwe haugone kuita pasina chiito. Iyo hero inofanira kungosimudza ruoko rwake, tora danho (mune mamwe mazwi, ita chiito chinoreva). Kana zvisina kudaro, hazvizovi nenyaya, asi chiduku, chidimbu, nhetembo muprose. Chimwe chinhu chinokosha chemhando yatinofarira inopera. Semuenzaniso, nhoroondo inogona kugara nokusingaperi, asi nhau inovakwa zvakasiyana.

Kazhinji kacho kuguma kunofadza uye kusatarisiri. Ndizvo izvi izvo Leo Vygotsky akabatana nekuonekwa kwe catharsis muverengi. Vatsvakurudzi vemazuva ano (kunyanya, Patrice Pavi) vanocherechedza catharsis sekushungurudzika mupfungwa kunowanikwa sezvamunoverenga. Kunyange zvakadaro, kukosha kwekuguma hakuchinji. Kuguma kunogona kushandura zvakadzama zvinoreva nyaya yacho, kurudzire kuti iongorore zvakare zvakataurwa mairi. Izvi zvinofanira kuyeukwa.

Nzvimbo yenyaya munyika yose mabhuku

Nhau iyi inonyanya kuitika iyo inobata nzvimbo inokosha munyika mabhuku. Gorky naTolstoy vakamutaurira ivo vaviri mukutanga uye munguva yakakura yekugadzirwa. Nyaya yeKekhov ndiyo inonyanya uye inofarira genre. Nyaya dzakawanda dzenyaya dzakava dzekare uye pamwe chete nemabasa makuru epic (manyozha uye inoverengeka) akapinda mune mari yezvinyorwa. Izvi ndizvo, somuenzaniso, nyaya dzeTolstoy dze "Kufa Kwevatatu" uye "Kufa kwaIvan Ilyich", Turgenev's "Notes of a Hunter", mabasa aChekhov "The Dushechka" uye "Murume Mhosva", Gorky nenyaya "Mukadzikadzi Izergil", "Chelkash"

Kubatsira kwenyaya iyi pamberi pezvimwe zvemarudzi

Nzira iyo inofarira isu inoita kuti zvikwanise kusarudza imwe kana imwe imwe yenyaya, imwe kana rumwe rutivi rwehupenyu hwedu, kunyanya convex. Anoita kuti zvikwanise kuzviratidzira kuitira kuti muverengi akwanise kunyatsofunga nezvazvo. Somuenzaniso, Chekhov, achitsanangura Vanka Zhukov netsamba "kumusha wekurukuru," akazara nokuora mwoyo kwevana, anotsanangura zviri mumagwaro aya. Izvo hazvizosviki pane zvairi kuenda uye nekuda kweizvi zvinowedzera zvakasimba mukushorwa. Mune nyaya "Kuberekwa Kwevanhu" naM. Gorky, chiitiko ichi nekuberekwa kwomwana kunoitika mumugwagwa kunobatsira munyori mukuzarura pfungwa huru - kusimbisa kukosha kwehupenyu.