"Washington Consensus"

"Washington Consensus" - kuva yemirau zvoupfumi macroeconomic policies yakataurwa nenzira Chirungu Economist John Williamson muna 1989. Vakanga nechinangwa ari kutungamirirwa inokosha kunyika vanoda rubatsiro kubva dzemarudzi nemasangano dzakadai World Bank uye International Monetary Fund zvoupfumi. Huru kusimbiswa rakanga kukosha macroeconomic kugadzikana uye kusangana mukati upfumi nyika, mune mamwe mashoko, neoliberal maonero kwenyika dzepasi pose. Zvisinei, zvakatungamirira zvishoma zvabuda, pashure pokunge raiswa munyika kutarisana zvoupfumi nematambudziko.

Kwemakore akawanda "Washington Consensus" rave mhosva dzinoverengeka chakakomba destabilization, kunyanya Argentine dambudziko. Dzhon Uilyamson akacherechedza kuti muzviitiko zvakawanda migumisiro yacho Implementation zvave Zvinogumbura, kwaratidza kuti zvimwe zvinetso, asi panguva iyoyo rakagumisa kuti mutemo uyu kwakatobatsira - kureva, zvoupfumi kukura, basa basa, zvinoderedza urombo munyika dzakawanda.

Ideas nokuti nguva apo vakanga akagadzira pedyo Williamson, havana zvitsva. Asi ivo raimiririra quintessence zvinowanzoitwa yemisoro pakati kunenge, dzakanga pakutsvaga reInternational Monetary Fund, World Bank, iri US Treasury Department nemamwe neanokweretesa masangano.

Chinangwa vomureza pasuru kubva zvinhu zvakanga kuti kugadzirisa matambudziko chaiwo aivapo Latin America. kushandiswa kwaro tevera pachinhu dzimwe nyika yave vakatsoropodza kunyange vatsigiri mitemo. Sezvakataurwa kubudikidza Williamson pachake, shoko sezvaari naye chaizvo kutevedzera gumi pamusoro zvoupfumi mutemo akatanga kushandiswa nenzira yakakura pfungwa pane yake chinangwa chepakutanga, iye akatanga kusonganirana chiNazi worupo musika fundamentalism uye zvematongerwo enyika zvavo. Uye Mupfungwa yakazara ari "Washington Consensus" paakatsoropodzwa kubudikidza nezvoupfumi zhinji, kusanganisira pamusoro chikamu George Soresu, vakawana mubayiro weNobel Dzhozefa Stiglitsa, uyewo enyika Latin America.

Voruzhinji munyika zvino anotenda kuti anoratidza imba chiNazi worupo policies kuti remarudzi masangano zvemari mune Washington ndakasika dzinoverengeka chaiwo matanho panyaya nyika Latin America vari kusangana zvoupfumi, izvo zvakaita kuti kunyange zvikuru kurasikirwa. Panotova vanhu vasingagoni kududza shoko "Washington Consensus" uye haina kuuya nehasha.

Ten zvinhu, rinoisa mazita Williamson, chaizvoizvo kumiririrwa kumboenda chechetere.

1. Fiscal chirango. Izvi kwaiva kuitwa munyika dzose paiva dhefisiti guru, izvo zvakazoita kuti dambudziko iri pachiyero vachibhadhara uye yakakwirira mitengo, iyo yakarova iri murombo makirasi, nokuti vapfumi vanhu vanogona kuchengeta mari dzavo zvinhu kunze kwenyika.

2. redistribution pamusoro paruzhinji mari munzvimbo kuti kupa mukuru kwoupfumi unodzokera uye zvinogona kuvandudza kuparadzirwa mari (ichi kutarisirwa zvokurapa, dzidzo chikuru, uye kwezvivako).

3. Tax kuchinja (rutapudzo zvazvingava vakaomerwa kuwedzera mutero chawo).

4. mazvake kufarira prices.

5. A makwikwi Gengi.

6. mazvake vanorumwe zvakananga inivhesitimendi.

7. Privatization.

8. Trade mazvake.

9. The deregulation.

10. nechokwadi kodzero.

Kuitwa nehurumende dzakawanda "Washington Consensus" yainyanya maitiro kune yose zvoupfumi kuti ikarova vakawanda Latin America uye vamwe dzichiri nzvimbo panguva 1980s. The kwaita dambudziko akanga akawanda zvinokonzera: rakapinza kuwedzera kwenyika mitengo mafuta pashure pakusikwa muna 1960 weOPEC, akaisa padanho chikwereti zvokunze, US kukura uye, naizvozvo, munyika mhindu prices. Somugumisiro matambudziko aya - kurasikirwa kuwana mamwe dzimwe kwezvikwereti.

Ndinofanira kutaura kuti dzimwe nyika dzakawanda dziri kuedza kushandisa dzakasiyana pfungwa yaida pasuru, dzimwe nguva rinoshandiswa senzira zvimiso kugamuchira zvikwereti kubva IMF uye World Bank.

Zvisinei, migumisiro zvinhu izvi chinoramba nyaya zvikuru gakava, sezvo nezvoupfumi uye vezvematongerwo enyika kuramba kuongorora zvinokonzera uye zvikonzero zvoupfumi nematambudziko, kutanga nguva apo paiva wokutanga nyika zvoupfumi muna 1857, icho chakabata kunyange Russia. Chokwadi chokuti Karl Marx akatanga basa iri "Capital" muchando 1857-1858 gore, uye rakanga anokonzerwa zvoupfumi kuti yakagundika mumatsutso 1857 Nhasi, sezvo tichiziva, ndiyo dzidziso nematambudziko chokuita Marxist zvoupfumi.