Chii chakasiyana dzenhoroondo ateteguru uranda? Yemadzitateguru muuranda - nayo ...

Munhu wose anoziva kuti uranda - ndiko kwegadziriro ukama umo mumwe munhu ane zvarinoroora vamwe vanhu. Zvisinei, haasi munhu wose anoziva kuti pane marudzi akasiyana zvakavapo. Somuenzaniso, yemadzitateguru uye dzekare muuranda. Mumwe mhando ine yayo Conceptual kusiyana. Ngationei musiyano pakati dzekare muuranda ane evaIsraeri, uye kudzidza musimboti izvi pfungwa.

Tsanangudzo uranda

Unofanira kunzwisisa kuti rinoreva zvarwo, usati ita nuances kuti kusiyanisa chekare uye ateteguru muuranda. The tsananguro achaedza kupa kunonyanyisa sezvaibvira.

Sezvo kare akati kumusoro, uranda wakakura zvikuru chimiro kuzviisa pasi mumwe munhu kune mumwe, kana achipinda pachake munhu inonzi muridzi muranda. Zvisinei, paiva mamiriro siyana ouranda. Kazhinji, asi pamutemo wevaranda, kunyange muchiitiko ichi kuramba kuchinja. muridzi muranda chete haasi munhu uye hurumende. Asi mamiriro simba iri kazhinji mambo mumwe, mambo kana zvimwe mutongi. chimiro ichi youranda yakakura Ancient East.

Marxist nzvimbo

Maererano kirasi pfungwa Karla Marksa, uranda chimiro kudzvinyirirwa mumwe munhu rimwe wokutanga. Kutaura zvazviri, muranda yaiva nzira inoshandiswa. Kureva ukama okuwana inobva vanoparadza varidzi varanda, vakanga chinokosha hwaro romuranda ino, iyo vakatonga nyika kusvikira pakati remakore rokutanga AD.

Zvisinei, kunyange zvazvo panguva ino achiposa Marx pane zveupfumi dzidziso pacharo nokutsoropodzwa nemasayendisiti akawanda, vakawanda vavo vanobvumirana kuti pfungwa varanda "Capital" ari munyori haareururi zvakarurama zvakarurama uye kwazvo.

manyuko Uranda

Kune akawanda zvinyorwa, panopinda chekubuda varanda kwaiva vashandire varidzi. Rakajairika ndivo dzinosanganisira:

• hondo;
• piracy;
• chikwereti muusungwa;
• kutengesa pachake kana vomumhuri muuranda;
• kutendeuka rusununguko varimi mamiriro varanda;
• akaberekerwa muuranda.

Detailed tsanangudzo nzira kurapwa mahara varanda

Hondo zvimwe ndiko kunobva youranda, izvo akasimuka pamberi vamwe. Zvisinei, vasungwa vehondo vakanga kukava varanda yose nhoroondo nyika yekare, uyewo chikamu Middle Ages uye kunyange munguva dzazvino. Hondo pakati pamarudzi chakaitika pamberi kwaita statehood. Pakutanga vasungwa vakanga nyore akapondwa, sezvo paaishandisa pavo vechibharo, pane zvakanakisisa, mumwe aigona kutarisira kuti vachakwanisa zvokudya ivo chete. Asi kana nyika kugadzirwa uye kubudiswa kwasvika idzva rwokugadzira sandara, mamiriro ezvinhu zvakasikwa nekuda pakusikwa nderwevaya chigadzirwa, uye saka mamiriro ezvinhu nokushanda mumwe munhu kune imwe. Kunyange zvikuru kukura uranda akagashira chete yatangwa inoti uye kutanga simba coercive midziyo, rinogona kudzora kwava yemuna kwevaranda.

Piracy uye kupambwa uyewo nhengo imwe zvinotisimbisa youtapwa rokutanga. Zvisinei, mune dzimwe nzvimbo dzenyika, chimiro ichi kurapwa Singles varanda iripo kusvikira nhasi.

Zvikwereti uranda yakabuda kare panguva kuvapo States. Kana munhu asingagoni kubhadhara ayo nemhiko, iye nemhuri yake ikava varanda. Mashandiro anoita kudzora izvi vakatumirwa hurumende.

Uyewo, kwaiva zviitiko apo munhu aisakwanisa zvokudya akazvifukidza kana mhuri. Saka, akamanikidzwa nokuzvidira kuzvitengesa muusungwa. Aikwanisa kuzviita chero nhengo yemhuri umo aiva musoro. Yemadzitateguru muuranda - zviri chete zvachose zvaanoda mamiriro zvose dzemhuri kubva musoro wake.

Uyewo, kuti vaisagona zviri pamutemo kupa kuchinja vakasununguka vanhuwo zvavo kupinda varanda. Kunyanya kwakapararira chimiro ichi youranda waiva Ancient East.

The kwaita yemadzitateguru muuranda

The yemadzitateguru chimiro muuranda, maererano iripo mashoko kare, zvakatanga muna Ancient East. Rakanga ipapo, ari nyika inonzi Fertile Crescent, kokutanga akaumba mamiriro ezvinhu kugadzirwa yemuraudzo chigadzirwa, uye saka nekuda kukura slaveholding muchimiro udzvanyiriri.

Yemadzitateguru muuranda - inzira muuranda umo muranda taigara yake, ane kodzero. Iye akaita kwazvo uye akaoma basa, uye mune dzimwe nzvimbo tamboshanda ndima chete vose. Paiva kunyange zviitiko apo munhu akadaro akatora pachipfuva mhuri. nekodzero muranda pfuma zvaiva musoro weimba, ayo akazotevera zvinyorwa rinonzi wemhuri kuti Greek rekare anoshandura se "simba yababa." Nokudaro akaenda shoko rokuti "ateteguru uranda."

Asi usakanganwa kuti ateteguru rouranda - asiwo nedoro rakakwana vana baba vavo. Zviri pamutemo, tateguru yakanga yakafanana simba pamusoro pavana vavo, uyewo pamusoro varanda. Aigona kuvamanikidza kuita mabasa akasiyana-siyana, tengesa uye kunyange kuuraya. Most pachena yababa vake simba pamusoro pavana mumhuri ateteguru chinoratidzwa rimwe mabhuku eBhaibheri, iro rinotiudza kuti Abrahamu akanga ava kuda kubayira mwanakomana wake Isaka. Zvisinei, kazhinji, mafungiro vabereki kune vana, Chokwadi, manyoro kupfuura varanda, asi panguva iyoyo akanga zvimwe zviitiko waakazvitengesa muuranda, uye kunyange kuponda vana vavo.

Pakuzadzisa muuranda the Ancient East

Pamwe kwaita rinoti muna Ancient East, kunyanya pakati penzizi rwaYufratesi uye Tigirisi, uyewo Egipita, akasika preconditions nokuda pakuzadzisa uye achisimbisa varanda. Hurumende midziyo akabatsira slaveholders kudzora varanda, kudzvinyirira kumukira zvavo, izvo akabatsira kunyange chandagwinyira muchimiro vanoparadza nemataundi vanhu.

Zvisinei, hurumende pachayo iri chiso chamambo dzikava guru slaveholder. Zvachinja kupinda chiuru varanda kusvikira vakasununguka vanhuwo zvavo, uyewo vasungwa vehondo. Kunyanya zvakajeka chimiro ichi muuranda akaratidza muBhabhironi. Mambo wehurumende ichi, Hammurabi, rinotema mamiriro varanda, kusanganisira hurumende, uyewo akaratidza chirango chokusateerera.

Zvisinei, yemadzitateguru muuranda muBhabhironi, zvakare, chaiva zvakajairika, uye haana kurega kuridza kuchikosha, kana kwete aitungamirira basa upfumi mamiriro kusvikira kuwa kwake. Kunyange kune zvikuru paya nguva, chimiro ichi youranda akanga akatekeshera kuMabvazuva, uye mune dzimwe nzvimbo iripo zvechokwadi nhasi.

The venguva chimiro muuranda

Classical muuranda kwayo netsika muchimiro wakazouya pave paya yemadzitateguru in Ancient Greece, asi mukurusa kukura kwakaitika muna yekare mamiriro Roman. chimiro ichi kudzvinyirirwa akatonyanya aoma. Maererano pfungwa rouranda muRoma yekare, muranda ainzi chete kutaura chinhu, apo ari East zvakanga, kunyange yakaderera, asi achiri vanenge nhengo yemhuri.

Uyezve, zvinofanira kucherechedzwa kuti basa varanda muRoma vaipa mamiriro upfumi. Panguva iyoyo vari East, uranda, kunyange vakaita basa rinokosha pakuita pakusikwa chigadzirwa, asi muduku munhau iyi nebasa vanhuwo zvavo. Rome yekare inozivikanwa latifundia - Estates, iyo vakashandisa zviuru muropa. Hazvishamisi kuti varidzi kazhinji kunyange mukutarisana vaisagona kuziva varanda yake uye, naizvozvovo, hazvina zvachose kwete zvokudya chero pfungwa.

Asi yemadzitateguru uranda hwaivapo muRoma chete panguva kutanga kwekupwanyiwa kuzvarwa ehurumende. Gare gare zvachose kare kuribvisa ne anonzi chaiwo.

Huru kusiyana siyana muuranda

Saka, akapedzisa apa, tinogona kugumisa kuti yemhuri rouranda - zviri richiri manyoro muchimiro kudzvinyirirwa kupfuura chaiwo. Kana mumutsetse wokutanga, uranda hwakanga chete wokuwedzera kwadzinoita kugadzira, munguva yacho dzekare rouranda, chakava chikuru motokari injini hwenyika.

Pari, marudzi ose ouranda vanoonekwa pamutemo uye zvemari va neudhadha.